Selected References:

• Allan KM, et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy are associated with asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 2015 Apr;45(4):1027-1036.
• Ashraf M, et al. 2020. Changes in vitamin E levels as a marker of female infertility. J Pak Med Assoc 70(10): 1762-1766.
• Beers MH, et al. 1999. Merck Manual Diagnosis & Therapy, 17th ed., 2833.
• Boskovic R, et al. 2005. Pregnancy outcome following high doses of vitamin E supplementation. Reprod Toxicol 20:85-88.
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2014. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal intake of vitamin E and birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997 to 2005. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 100(9):647-657.
• Gross SJ, Gabriel E. 1985. Vitamin E status in preterm infants fed human milk or infant formula. J Pediatr 106:635-639.
• Gyorgy P, et al. 1952. Availability of vitamin E in the newborn infant. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 81:536-538.
• Hook EB, et al. 1074. Vitamin E, Teratogen or anti-teratogen? Lancet 1:809.
• Kanno C, et al. 1989. Transfer of orally administered alpha-tocopherol into human milk. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 35:649-653.
• Martinez Fe, et al. 1984. Evaluation of plasma tocopherols in relation to hematological indices of Brazilian infants on human milk and cow’s milk regime from birth to 1 year of age. Am J Clin Nutr 39:969-974.
• Maslova E, et al. 2014. 2014. Maternal intake of vitamins A, E and K in pregnancy and child allergic disease: a longitudinal study from the Danish National Birth Cohort. British J Nutr 111: 1096-1108.
• Mino M, Nishino H. 1973. Fetal and maternal relationship in serum vitamin E level. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 19:475-482.
• National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. 2021. Vitamin E: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/. Accessed 3 July 2024.
• Scholl TO, et al. 2006. Vitamin E: maternal concentrations are associated with fetal growth. Am J Clin Nutr 84(6):1442-1448.
• Smedts HP, et al. 2009. High maternal vitamin E intake by diet or supplements is associated with congenital heart defects in the offspring. BJOG. 116(3):416-423.
• Ruder EH, et al. 2014. Female dietary antioxidant intake and time to pregnancy among couples treated for unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 101(3): 759-766.
• Wu H, et al. 2018. Does vitamin E prevent asthma or wheeze in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Respir Rev. 27:60-68.
• XI Y, et al. 2022. Vitamin E concentration in breast milk in different periods of lactation: meta-analysis. Front Nutr 9: 1050011.

Selected References

• Bruckmaier R, et al. 1991. Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists in intramammary pressure and milk flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Res. 58:411-419.
• Cottle MKW, et al. 1982. Effects of phenylephrine and sodium salicylate on maternal and fetal cardiovascular indices and blood oxygenation in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 143:170-176.
• Gilbert-Barness E, Drut RM. 2000. Association of sympathomimetic drugs with malformations. Vet Hum Toxicol. 42:168-171.
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy, Littleton, Publishing Sciences Group, pp 345-356, 439, 476, 491.
• Mohta M, et al. 2022. Neonatal outcomes following phenylephrine or norepinephrine for treatment of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension at emergency cesarean section in women with fetal compromise: a randomised controlled study. Int J of Obstet Anesthesia 49:103247.
• Rothman KJ, et al. 1979. Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 109:433-439.
• Schatz M, et al. 1997. Asthma and allergy in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 24(2):407-432.
• Ugen KE, Scott WJ Jr. 1987. Reduction of uterine blood flow by phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, in the day 11 pregnant rat: relationship to potentiation of acetazolamide teratogenesis. Teratology. 36(1):133-141.
• Yau W-P, et al. 2013. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol. 178(2):198-208.
• Werler MM, et al. 2003. Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Epidemiology. 14(3):349-354.
• Werler MM, et al. 2002. Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol. 155(1):26-31.
• Werler MM, et al. 2004. Vasoactive exposures, vascular events, and hemifacial microsomia. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 70(6):389-395.
• Zierler S, Rothman KJ. 1985. Congenital heart disease in relation to maternal use of Bendectin and other drugs in early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 313:347-352

Selected References:

• Ahn HK, et al. 2007. Exposure to amlodipine in the first trimester of pregnancy and during breastfeeding. Hypertension in pregnancy, 26(2):179–187.
• Aoki H, et al. 2018. Low Levels of Amlodipine in Breast Milk and Plasma. Breastfeeding medicine,13(9):622–626.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Health and economic benefits of high blood pressure interventions. Retrieved August 2024 from https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/high-blood-pressure.html.
• Faham DE, et al. 2019. Can Amlodipine Improve the Pre-ovulatory Follicle Blood Flow in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?. Journal of reproduction & infertility, 20(2):89–94.
• Ishikawa T, et al. 2023. Risk of major congenital malformations associated with first-trimester antihypertensives, including amlodipine and methyldopa: A large claims database study 2010-2019. Pregnancy hypertension, 31:73–83.
• Magee LA, et al. 1996. The safety of calcium channel blockers in human pregnancy: a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 174(3):823-828.
• Mito AA, et al. 2019. Safety of Amlodipine in Early Pregnancy. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(15):1-7.
• Morgan JL, et al. 2018. Pharmacokinetics of amlodipine besylate at delivery and during lactation. Pregnancy hypertension, 11:77–80.
• Naito T, et al. 2015. Amlodipine passage into breast milk in lactating women with pregnancy-induced hypertension and its estimation of infant risk for breastfeeding. Journal of human lactation, 31(2):301–306.
• Rosbotham JL, et al. 1998. Painful subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn associated with intra-partum use of a calcium channel blocker. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 23(1):19–21.
• Szucs KA, et al. 2010. Maternal membranous glomerulonephritis and successful exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 5(3):123–126.
• S. Food and Drug Administration. (2011). Norvasc (Amlodipine besylate) tablets label. Retrieved August 2024 from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/019787s047lbl.pdf.
• Vigil-De Gracia P, et al. 2014. Management of chronic hypertension during pregnancy with furosemide, amlodipine or aspirin: a pilot clinical trial. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine: the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 27(13): 1291–1294.
• Yin J, et al. 2022. Nifedipine or amlodipine? The choice for hypertension during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 306(6):1891–1900.

Selected References:

• Auffret M, et al. 2016. Misoprostol exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy: Is the malformation risk varying depending on the indication? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 207:188-192.
• Baev OR, et al. 2017. Outcomes of mifepristone usage for cervical ripening and induction of labour in full-term pregnancy. Randomized controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 217:144-149.
• Brown A, et al. 2002. Daily low dose mifepristone has contraceptive potential by suppressing ovulation and menstruation: a double-blind randomised controlled trial of 2 and 5 mg per day for 120 days. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87:63-70.
• Bos-Thompson MA, et al. 2008. Mobius syndrome in a neonate after mifepristone and misoprostol elective abortion failure. Ann Pharmacother, 42(6):888-892.
• Chen A, et al. 2004. Mifepristone-induced early abortion and outcome of subsequent wanted pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol, 160(2):110-117.
• Gary MM, Harrison DJ. 2006. Analysis of severe adverse events related to the use of mifepristone as an abortifacient. Ann Pharmacother, 40:191-197.
• Glasier A, et al. 1992. Mifepristone (RU 486) compared with high-dose estrogen and progestogen for emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med, 327:1041-1044.
• Juneja SC, Dodson MG. 1990. In vitro effect of RU 486 on sperm-egg interaction in mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 163:216-221.
• Lakha F, et al. 2007. A novel estrogen-free oral contraceptive pill for women: multicentre, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of mifepristone and progestogen-only pill (levonorgestrel). Hum Reprod, 22(9):2428-2436.
• Liao H, et al. 2011. Repeated medical abortions and the risk of preterm birth in the subsequent pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 284(3):579-586.
• Lim BH, et al. 1990. Normal development after exposure to mifepristone in early pregnancy. Lancet, 336:257-258.
• Mifepristone Drug Label. 2023. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b63fad9b-7f12-4400-9019-b0586054e534.
• Peyron R, et al. 1993. Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol. N Engl J Med, 328:1509-1513.
• Pons JC, et al. 1991. Development after exposure to mifepristone in early pregnancy. Lancet; 338:763.
• Saav I, et al. 2010. Medical abortion in lactating women–low levels of mifepristone in breast milk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 89(5):618-622.
• Sanchez-Criado JE, et al. 1990. A possible dual mechanism of the anovulatory action of antiprogesterone RU486 in the rat. Biol Reprod, 42:877-886.
• Shoupe D, et al. 1987. Effects of the antiprogesterone RU 486 in normal women. II. Administration in the late follicular phase. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 157:1421-1426.
• Sitruk-Ware R, Davey A, Sakiz E. 1998. Fetal malformations and failed medical termination of pregnancy. Lancet, 352:323.
• Swahn ML, et al. 1996. Contraception with anti-progesterone. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 10(1):43-53.
• Task force on postovulatory methods of fertility regulation. 1999. Comparison of three single doses of mifepristone as emergency contraception: a randomised trial. Lancet 353:607-702.
• van der Schoot P, et al.1987. Effects of the progesterone antagonist RU486 on ovarian activity in the rat. Endocrinology, 121:1375-1382.
• Wolf JP. et al. 1990. Tolerance of perinidatory primate embryos to RU 486 exposure in vitro and in vivo. Contraception, 41:85-92.
• Yang YQ, Wu JT. 1990. RU 486 interferes with egg transport and retards the in vivo and in vitro development of mouse embryos. Contraception, 41:551-556.
• Zhu QX, et al. 2009. Mifepristone-induced abortion and placental complications in subsequent pregnancy. Hum Reprod, 24(2):315-319.

Selected References:

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2022/Apr. Preeclampsia and High Blood Pressure during Pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/preeclampsia-and-high-blood-pressure-during-pregnancy
• Anderson PO, et al 2020. Drug treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple. Breastfeed Med 15:686-8.
• Benoff S, et al. 1994. The effect of calcium ion channel blockers on sperm fertilization potential. Fertil Steril 62:606-17.
• Bortolus R, et al. 2000. Nifedipine administered in pregnancy: Effect on the development of children at 18 months. BJOG 107:792-794.
• Davis RL, et al 2011. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy. Pharmocoepidemiol Drug Saf 20:13-145.
• Dublin S, et al. 2022. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of antihypertensive treatment in pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 17(5):e0268284
• George R, et. 2022. Comparative efficacy and safety of oral nifedipine with other antihypertensive medications in the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 40(10):1876-1886.
• Houtzager BA, et al. 2006. Long-term follow up of children exposed in utero to nifedipine or ritodrine for the management of preterm labour. BJOG. 2006 Mar; 113(3):324-31.
• Magee LA, et al. 1996. The safety of calcium channel blockers in human pregnancy: A prospective, multicenter cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:823-828.
• Malfará BN, et al. 2019. ABCG2 c.421C>A polymorphism alters nifedipine transport to breast milk in hypertensive breastfeeding women. Reprod Toxicol 85:1-5.
• Penny WJ, Lewis MJ. 1989. Nifedipine is excreted in human milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 36(4):427-8.
• Tabacova SA, et al. 2002. Developmental abnormalities reported to FDA in association with nifedipine treatment in pregnancy. Teratology; 65:368.
• Taddio A, et al 1996. Is nifedipine use during labor and breast-feeding safe for the neonate? Clin Investig Med 19:S11. Abstract.
• Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2008. The safety of calcium channel blockers during pregnancy: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Reprod Toxicol 26(1): 24-30.
• Wu M, et al 2012. Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple. Obstet Gynecol. 119(2 Pt 2):447-9.