Non-Profit’s Expertise Recognized as Leading Resource on Exposures during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

September 21, 2022

BRENTWOOD, TN – The non-profit Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS) through its public-facing service, MotherToBaby, are now contributors to the prestigious National Library of Medicine (NLM) where more than 250 of its bilingual (English/Spanish) evidence-based fact sheets can be found on medications, vaccines, diseases, herbal supplements, occupational exposures and more during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

MotherToBaby provides information on exposures before and during a pregnancy as well as breastfeeding traditionally through its no-cost helpline 866-626-6847, texting service 855-999-3525 and website www.MotherToBaby.org, where the public can live chat or e-mail an expert. “This is just one more way we can ensure pregnant people and healthcare providers can have access to reliable, up-to-date, research-based information so they can make better informed decisions during the child-bearing journey or in cases of adoption,” said Christina Chambers, PhD, MPH, MotherToBaby Past President and UC San Diego professor of pediatrics. “Being a part of the NLM is a testament to the reliability of our resources. We are honored to be contributors.”

For more than 200 years, “the National Library of Medicine has been a partner for biological discovery, clinical care decision-making and healthcare choices in everyday living,” according to its website. The NLM includes health information tools and biomedical literature, such as PubMed. The MotherToBaby Fact Sheets through the NLM can be accessed through public and hospital libraries as well as in schools and clinics. It’s also available at the following link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582980/  

More about OTIS and MotherToBaby

The Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS) is a professional scientific society made up of individuals engaged in assessing and evaluating risks to pregnancy and breastfeeding from environmental exposures. Members include, but are not limited to, specialists in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, genetics, dysmorphology, perinatal epidemiology, teratology, behavioral teratology, pharmacy, genetic counseling, nursing, midwifery, maternal and child health, public health, and includes experts that provide MotherToBaby services and researchers that conduct MotherToBaby Pregnancy Studies. MotherToBaby is a suggested resource by many federal agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MotherToBaby is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award totaling $6,000,000 with zero percentage financed with non-governmental sources. The contents of this release are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government. To learn more about MotherToBaby and OTIS, please visit www.MotherToBaby.org.  

Media Contact: Nicole Chavez, nchavez@mothertobaby.org, 619-368-3259

Cheese is as old as modern mankind, with clues about its existence reaching all the way back to 8,000 BC when the first sheep and goats were domesticated by our ancestors (www.historyofcheese.com). And since cheese has been around for so long, it is now one of the most popular and beloved foods throughout the world. So, it did not come as a surprise to me that many who are pregnant and breastfeeding ask MotherToBaby about eating cheese all the time! On our texting service alone (855-999-3525), we have received over 400 questions about cheese in the past few years!

Here are some of the recent questions we have received at MotherToBaby:

• “Am I allowed to eat cream cheese on toast?”
• “Is raw milk cheese from the USA OK?”
• “Can I eat goat cheese while breastfeeding?”
• “Is it OK to eat feta cheese during pregnancy?”
• “Can I continue to eat queso cheese on a burrito or nachos while pregnant?”
• “Is unpasteurized cheese OK to eat if it’s been cooked on a pizza?”

When you start researching cheese, you can fall into a rabbit hole on kinds of cheese: hard versus soft, pasteurized or not, Mexican verses Italian? The questions are endless. There are over 1800 different kinds of cheese, divided into 7 categories (www.Funtrivia.com):

1. Fresh Cheeses: Banon, Ricotta, Feta, Cottage cheese, Cream cheese, etc.
2. Natural Rind: Sancerre, Chabichou, Crottin de Chavignol, etc.
3. Soft White Cheese: Camembert, Brie, Chevre Log, etc.
4. Semi-Soft: Edam, Pont L’Eveque, St Nectaire, Tomme de Savoie, Langres, Carre de L’Est, Epoisses, etc.
5. Hard Cheeses: Cheddar, Parmigiano Reggiano, Gruyere, Manchego, etc.
6. Blue Cheeses: Stilton, Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Maytag Blue, Cashel Blue, etc.
7. Flavored Cheeses: Cornish Yarg, Gouda with Cumin, Stilton with Apricots, Devon Garland, etc.

So, what is the bottom line for you if you are pregnant or breastfeeding?

First, check to see if the cheese has been pasteurized or not. Look at the label and you will find that most types of packaged cheese or cheese products sold in America have been pasteurized or heat treated. Pasteurization is defined as a process in which both packaged and non-packaged foods (such as cheese and milk) are treated with moderate heat, usually up to 212 °F, to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. If the cheese has gone through pasteurization, then any increased risk for bacteria or other pathogens is very small, and the product isn’t considered to increase risks if eaten during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Of course, keep an eye on the fresh or sell-by date, and keep the product properly refrigerated. Cheese that has not been pasteurized has an increased risk for bacteria such as Listeria. See our fact sheet at Listeria Infection (Listeriosis) – MotherToBaby for more information. If the cheese has not been pasteurized, but has been cooked or heated prior to eating, then there also is little increased risk. Plus, cheese that has been dried, such as parmesan cheese, has a longer shelf life and no known increased risk for bacteria.

One of the most common questions about cheese when pregnant and breastfeeding is about the difference between hard and soft cheese. Hard cheese has been ripened longer and is drier, having a lower water content. Whereas soft cheese is younger or fresher, with a higher moisture content. The higher moisture content in soft cheese can allow for more growth of bacteria. That is why it is a good idea to be sure that soft cheeses are either heated prior to eating or have been pasteurized at the time of production (again, pasteurization is a process to kill bacteria). Most soft cheeses in the U.S. have undergone this process by FDA pasteurization law — so look at the label to be sure and be aware of any possible increased risks if unpasteurized!

Cheese is rich in protein and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. During pregnancy and while breastfeeding, cheese can be part of your good diet. Some cheese types, such as hard cheese, are higher in fat. So, do watch the fat content if cheese is part of your daily diet! Just follow a few simple rules about checking for pasteurization and being sure the cheese product is heated or has been cooked prior to eating if it was not pasteurized. And then, enjoy eating cheese without worry during pregnancy and breastfeeding! If you have any cheese related questions during pregnancy, or any other exposure questions, be sure to contact MotherToBaby! We will be happy to help you!

Originally Published 5/11/22. Updated 9/30/25.

I recently received a phone call from Molly.  Molly told me that she had just found out that she was pregnant; this was a surprise, but a welcome one.  However, Molly confessed that she smokes a pack of cigarettes per day and her doctor recommends that she quit smoking since cigarettes can present a number of hazards for her pregnancy and baby.  Molly’s friend told her that e-cigarettes were safe in pregnancy and would help Molly with her efforts to reduce use of traditional cigarettes.  Molly wanted to be sure.  “Don’t both cigarettes and e-cigarettes both contain nicotine,” she asked?  

What are e-cigarettes? 

‘E-cigarettes’ is short for electronic nicotine delivery system, sometimes also referred to as vapes, e-hookah, or other slang names.  E-cigarettes utilize a device that heats up nicotine-containing fluid from a cartridge, which can then be inhaled as a vapor.  Using an e-cigarette does have the potential to avoid some of the hazardous compounds found in traditional cigarettes such as tar and cadmium.  However, e-cigarettes are a relatively new product and not very well regulated.  Some e-cigarette fluids contain a lot of nicotine while others very little.  They often have other substances added to them including preservatives and flavorings. Many of these agents have not been studied regarding their safety in pregnant women.   

All of this makes it difficult to draw accurate conclusions about what risk e-cigarettes might present to a pregnant woman and her baby.  What we do know is that traditional cigarettes and nicotine (the chemical which is in both tobacco and e-cigarettes) do present a risk for a wide number of issues including birth defects (cleft lip and palate), miscarriage, and poor growth in the developing baby.  In addition, substituting e-cigarettes for traditional cigarettes is not a proven way to quit smoking, and in some cases, people continue to smoke conventional cigarettes as well as e-cigarettes which makes the exposure to the baby even larger.  Scientists are still learning about this, and most public health agencies recommend behavioral approaches as the safest strategy for pregnant women who are trying to quit smoking.

Molly is smart to ask about the safety of e-cigarettes before she uses them.  She also shows how much she cares about herself and her baby by trying to decrease smoking as much as possible!  I suggested she speak with her healthcare provider about strategies for quitting.  I also told her about free services like the CDC’s Smoker’s Quitline (1-800-784-8669).

MotherToBaby has fact sheets on e-cigarettes, cigarette smoke and vaping...

… and people can call (866-626-6847), text (855-999-3525), email, or chat to speak with a specialist on exposures in pregnancy.

MotherToBaby Creates Zika Fact Sheets, Launches New Media (Scroll down for additional resources, video)

BRENTWOOD, TN – As information surrounding the Zika virus continues to evolve, MotherToBaby, a service of the international non-profit Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), unveils new tools to bring the most accurate, evidence-based information to pregnant and breastfeeding women. Easy-to-understand fact sheets regarding Zika, as well as insect repellant use during pregnancy, are now available on www.MotherToBaby.org. Additionally, teratogen information specialists (experts trained in the field of birth defects) have begun taking questions about exposures from the general public and health care providers beyond its traditional telephone line – through private, live chat, text messaging and e-mail.

MotherToBaby, a suggested resource by many agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Office of Women’s Health, recognizes the urgent need for providing pregnant women, those planning a pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding moms with the most up-to-date information about the Zika virus and other potential causes of preventable birth defects. MotherToBaby is an official supporter of World Birth Defects Day, which is recognized by more than 50 international organizations each year on March 3rd.

“With the information and research about Zika changing on an almost daily basis, it can be confusing and, potentially, cause unnecessary anxiety for a pregnant woman,” said Stephen Braddock, MD, incoming president of MotherToBaby who serves as the Director of Medical Genetics at Saint Louis University. “That’s why MotherToBaby’s specifically-trained teratogen experts are here to sift through and interpret the evolving Zika-related research, putting it into perspective so a woman can make informed health decisions in collaboration with her health care provider,” added Dr. Braddock.

The challenges of staying up-to-date on the changing Zika information are lessened since OTIS, the professional society which provides the MotherToBaby service, includes members and researchers currently in the thick of the Zika outbreak. Lavinia Schuler-Faccini, PhD, lead author of one of the first ground-breaking studies to examine the association between the Zika virus in pregnant women and microcephaly (small head and brain) in their babies, is part of the MotherToBaby/OTIS network. Dr. Schuler-Faccini is President of the Brazilian Society of Medical Genetics (Sociedade Brasileira de Genetica Medica).

“Being based in Brazil, one of the countries where Zika has been declared an ‘outbreak,’ has allowed me to communicate the very latest research to my American colleagues,” said Dr. Schuler-Faccini. “For example, I was able to provide region-specific information where infected mosquitos are currently located to a worried American traveler who had contacted MotherToBaby,” she added.

More about Zika
On February 1, 2016 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global public health emergency over Zika virus, due to its suspected ability to cause microcephaly in unborn babies. Zika virus was first identified in Africa in 1947. In 2013, there were outbreaks in islands in the Pacific, and now outbreaks are being reported in many Central and South American countries. Isolated cases have also been reported in the U.S. in people who have recently traveled to South American countries, and in Puerto Rico, over the last few weeks. Additionally, just last week, federal health officials reported strong evidence that more than a dozen people have caught the virus through sexual transmission.

About MotherToBaby
MotherToBaby provides free, evidence-based, personalized risk assessments, education and counseling regarding the effects of exposures during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Examples of exposures include the Zika virus, prescription and over-the-counter medications, alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, vaccines, beauty products, herbal supplements, chemicals and more. The public, as well as health care providers, can be connected with a MotherToBaby expert through its traditional toll-free phone line, 866-626-6847, via text message at 855-999-3525, or through live chat and email on www.MotherToBaby.org.

More than 100,000 women and their health care providers seek information about birth defects prevention from MotherToBaby every year. MotherToBaby has been able to launch new outreach efforts to reach underserved populations and launch new communication technologies through a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration.

About World Birth Defects Day
Along with more than 50 birth defects-related organizations around the world, MotherToBaby is helping to raise awareness of this critical global issue by participating in World Birth Defects Day, which is observed yearly on March 3. The commemorative day not only helps to raise awareness of the problem of birth defects, but also the importance of improving prevention strategies and research that will ultimately lead to fewer birth defects and a healthier society.

More Resources

• Health care providers interested in viewing the recording of a National Society for Genetic Counselors joint webinar on research surrounding Zika, click here.
• MotherToBaby’s Dee Quinn, MS, CGC provides the latest Zika research on “The Vibrant Gene” program:
  
• MotherToBaby’s Public Affairs Committee has also issued an official statement about the Zika virus, which can be read here.
• Our sister society, the Teratology Society, has recently published a blog looking closely at the science needed to learn more about Zika as well. Read its latest Birth Defects Insights blog here.

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Media Contact: Nicole Chavez, 619-368-3259, nchavez@MotherToBaby.org. Interviews in Spanish can also be arranged.

MotherToBaby Connects Public with Health Experts through Unique New Website, Live Chat

BRENTWOOD, TN – As January’s National Birth Defects Prevention Month continues to be recognized around the country, MotherToBaby, a service of the international non-profit Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), launches new digital ways for expectant moms and health care providers to get free expert information about the risks of medications and other exposures during pregnancy and breastfeeding – through instantaneous, private live chat on www.MotherToBaby.org.

The digital initiative comes just a few short months after the service launched a first-of-its-kind texting component where the public can receive free expert answers by texting questions to 855-999-3525. “It’s our experience that all moms-to-be want the best information possible in order to have a healthy baby,” said Kenneth Lyons Jones, MD, MotherToBaby Past-President and world-renowned pediatrician at UC San Diego. “No matter what their income level or socio-economic situation, we feel every woman should have access to the best, expert health information possible. We’re making it easy for them to accomplish this through our new digital services.”

Expectant moms, as well as those who are breastfeeding, will simply need to visit www.MotherToBaby.org on their computer or phone to be connected to a bilingual (English/Spanish) specialist in the field of teratology – the study of exposures that cause birth defects. The newly-revamped website includes options to chat live through private, instant messaging or to email-an-expert. The MotherToBaby website also houses a library of free downloadable fact sheets in both English and Spanish on a variety of exposures. The digital counseling components complement the services’ traditional, phone counseling service (available toll-free at 866-626-6847) which has been available for more than 30 years.

Dr. Jones, a health care provider himself, expects this new way of delivering evidence-based information about the risks of exposures like medications, vaccines, chemicals, environmental agents and diseases, will also be convenient for his busy colleagues who see patients. “Oftentimes, a health care provider may only have a few minutes in-between patient appointments to get the latest teratogen information they need quickly. This will be a great option for them as well,” he said.

Sonia Alvarado, a bilingual teratogen information specialist who’s been based at MotherToBaby’s California affiliate for more than a decade, is leading the online live chat initiative. “The risk to the developing baby from exposures like medications during a mom’s pregnancy can vary greatly depending on timing of the exposure, mom’s metabolism and much more,” she said. “To be able to provide her with information tailored to her personal circumstance allows her to make informed decisions along with the guidance of her doctor. To be able to empower her with that kind of knowledge is extremely rewarding.”

About MotherToBaby
MotherToBaby, which consists of 14 services housed at universities, hospitals and government institutions across the country, provides free, evidence-based, personalized risk assessments, education and counseling regarding the effects of exposures like prescription and over-the-counter drugs, alcohol, smoking, illicit substances, vaccines, beauty products, herbal supplements, chemicals and more during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

More than 100,000 women and their health care providers seek information about birth defects prevention from MotherToBaby every year. MotherToBaby has been able to launch new outreach efforts to reach underserved populations, including new communication technologies, through a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration.

About National Birth Defects Prevention Month
Roughly 120,000 babies are affected by birth defects each year in the United States, according to the National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN). The NBDPN established the nationally-recognized Birth Defects Prevention Month in order to raise public awareness of the problem that can sometimes lead to lifelong challenges and disability. To learn more about the NBDPN, visit www.nbdpn.org.

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Media Contact: Nicole Chavez, 619-368-3259, nchavez@MotherToBaby.org. Interviews in Spanish can also be arranged.