• My fear and anxiety over my soon-to-arrive first child is overwhelming on a daily basis…I’m angry some days, sad some days, and panicked other days.
• My anxiety and depression levels has been higher than normal
• I’m scared when I go anywhere or see anyone, even when I’m maintaining social distancing.
• We planned on having an amazing support team and the rug was pulled from under us.
• I realize this is uncharted territory, but I have not felt supported as a first-time mother.¹

These were the sentiments of pregnant individuals going through the pandemic.  It was an unprecedented event and as MotherToBaby Specialists we were challenged with dealing with the anxiety of expectant parents as they tried to get reliable information and deal with their fears, anxiety, and frustrations. Fortunately, as time went on, the infection did not appear to increase the chance of birth defects but now there is a question of the emotional toil it put on pregnant women.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition of persistent mental and emotional stress that occurs after suffering a stressful or extremely traumatic event. Unlike post-traumatic stress that lessens over time, the symptoms of PTSD do not fade. Symptoms of PTSD fall into the following four categories and can vary in severity:

1. Intrusion: may include intrusive thoughts or distressing memories, flashbacks, nightmares
2. Avoidance: may include avoiding thinking or talking about the event or their feelings; avoiding things that remind them of the event (people, places, activities).
3. Negative changes in thinking or mood: may include lack of memory on details about the event; negative thoughts and feelings about themselves or others; feeling numb or detached from others; loss of interest in activities.
4. Changes in physical and emotional reactions (arousal): may include being irritable and having angry outbursts; self-destructive behavior; having problems concentrating or sleeping.

In general, PTSD occurs more often in women than in men and in the pregnant population more than non-pregnant individuals.  According to some studies, 3% to 19% of pregnant women experience PTSD.² When it comes to psychiatric disorders during pregnancy, PTSD after childbirth or postpartum PTSD is considered the third most common mental health disorder after depression and nicotine dependence.³

If left untreated or poorly treated, PTSD can have long lasting effects not only for the pregnant woman but also in her relationships with other people, especially family, and interfere in bonding with their child and breastfeeding that can have long-lasting impact on the child.   Pregnant women with untreated PTSD have a higher chance of experiencing negative birth outcomes including gestational diabetes (diabetes that develops during pregnancy), preeclampsia (severe high blood pressure), low birthweight (weight at birth of < 2500 grams,5.5 pounds), and preterm birth (before 37 weeks pregnancy).  Also, quite alarming, PTSD is closely linked to attempting or committing suicide and substance abuse, two leading causes of maternal death in the United States.³

We know that the pandemic was a stressful situation for the entire country and especially pregnant women, but what were the long-term effects, particularly in regard to PTSD.  In general, risk factors for postpartum PTSD include, but are not limited to, the fear of childbirth, prenatal health concerns (preeclampsia, birth defects), the lack of emotional/social support, depression and anxiety. During the pandemic the primary concern was the risk of infection for themselves and for their child before birth and after.  Also, birth plans had to be changed due to hospital restrictions. They did not have the social support that they expected or planned with their doulas, partners, family or friends.  The lack of social support was not only an issue during childbirth but remained after birth due to stay-at-home orders.  Furthermore, expectant parents may have had to face other problems amplified by the pandemic like unemployment and the loss of a loved one. The sense of security and community was greatly affected during the pandemic and then expectant parents had to navigate a new world while just becoming parents, as expressed by pregnant women above.  All of these factors can create a traumatic experience of childbirth and raise the chance for PTSD.

There have been multiple studies investigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic during pregnancy. While studies may have differed in their approach to review this topic, the results generally showed that giving birth during the pandemic had many effects on the pregnant population and that PTSD was quite common. Also, rates of PTSD were higher among Black and Latinx pregnant women than whites and lower socio-economic status (i.e., less educational and income).  

Recommendations:

There is a call for PTSD to be screened during pregnancy and after to make sure that no one falls through the cracks. It is suggested that providers who had patients deliver in the early part of the pandemic, follow-up with them to make sure they are coping well.  Not everyone who experiences PTSD will need counseling, but pregnant women should know about their options.

“Trauma is perhaps the most avoided, ignored, belittled, denied, misunderstood, and untreated cause of human suffering,” said Peter Levine, PhD, trauma specialist. For pregnant individuals, if your symptoms are interfering with your quality of life, please speak with your healthcare professional so that you can get the assistance that you need. As MotherToBaby information specialists we can connect you  to the resources that can promote your health and well-being. We provide information about medications used to treat PTSD as well as exposure to anxiety, depression, and stress on pregnancy and breastfeeding. We are just one important resource that new and expecting parents can rely on for confidential information. Contact us today or visit our Resource Hub on Mental Health during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

There are resources available to help you.

Postpartum Support International: https://www.postpartum.net/learn-more/postpartum-post-traumatic-stress-disorder/

National Maternal Mental Health Hotline: 1-833-943-5746 (1-833-9-HELP4MOMS)

https://mchb.hrsa.gov/national-maternal-mental-health-hotline

References:

1. Kinser PA, Jallo N, Amstadter AB, et al. 2021. Depression, Anxiety, Resilience, and Coping: The Experience of Pregnant and New Mothers During the First Few Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Womens Health (Larchmt). May;30(5):654-664. 
2. Padin AC, Stevens NR, Che ML, et al. 2022. Screening for PTSD during pregnancy: a missed opportunity. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Jun 14;22(1):487.
3. Khsim IEF, Rodríguez MM, et al. 2022. Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Childbirth: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel). Oct 26;12(11):2598.
4. Sharpe, Rachel. “100+ PTSD Quotes to Help Survivors Cope with Trauma”. Declutter the Mind, 27 February 2021. https://declutterthemind.com/blog/ptsd-quotes/. Accessed 22 April 2023
5. Shuman CJ, Morgan ME, et al. 2022. Associations Among Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Stressors. J Midwifery Womens Health. Sep;67(5):626-634.
6. Benzakour L, Gayet-Ageron A, et al. 2022. Traumatic Childbirth and Birth-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Oct 31;19(21):14246. 

MotherToBaby, Teratology Society, DNTS Come Together June 22 – 25 in San Diego and Host Facebook Live Event for the Public

SAN DIEGO, CA – “It’s an incomparable gathering of experts,” said Christina Chambers, PhD, MPH, MotherToBaby President, Teratology Society Past President and Professor of Pediatrics at UC San Diego in reference to the 32^nd Annual Meeting of the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), the non-profit behind the no-cost MotherToBaby service. MotherToBaby provides evidence-based information about exposures during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The OTIS Annual Meeting will take place at the Sheraton San Diego Hotel and Marina June 22 – 25 and be held jointly with other leading organizations in the field of birth defects research.

Dr. Chambers, who recently made headlines with her groundbreaking study showing that certain marijuana compounds linger much longer in breast milk than previously thought, described the Annual Meeting as “critical to future generations.” “New information will be shared at this meeting on hot topics, such as cigarette smoking and marijuana in pregnancy, as well as advancements in understanding birth defects, like congenital heart defects,” she said. “It’s this kind of information that can lead to better treatment for expectant and nursing moms.”

The OTIS Annual Meeting will be held simultaneously and on-location with the Teratology Society (TS) and the Developmental Neurotoxicology Society (DNTS), whose meetings extend until June 26. Other hot topics to be discussed at the various meetings include:

• Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO): A National Research Program (joint with OTIS-TS-DNTS)
• Congenital Heart Defects Research: Finding the Hidden Crossroads between Genetics and Environment (joint with OTIS-TS)
• A Smoking Gun that Faced Opposition: The Causal Agent of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (joint with OTIS-TS)
• Cigarette Smoking and Development (OTIS)
• The Scientific Evidence for Short and Long-term Risks of Gestational Marijuana Use and Marijuana Use during Breastfeeding (OTIS)
• Ocean-Borne Risks to Pregnant Women and Their Babies (joint with TS-DNTS)
• Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: Causes, Disparities and Solutions (TS)
• What Do We Need to Know about Climate Change and Effects on Maternal-Fetal Health? (TS)

Scientists and healthcare providers in Southern California are encouraged to attend as day passes are still available for all meetings. To register, visit OTIS’ and the Teratology Society’s registration pages.

In addition, a Facebook Live event will be held Saturday, June 22 at 5p during which MotherToBaby’s Facebook followers can ask questions about “what’s ok” during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The event is aimed at the pregnant or breastfeeding mother as well as healthcare providers. To be alerted of the event, follow @MotherToBaby on Facebook. “Our Facebook followers will be able to get the latest research-based answers directly from world-renowned experts attending the Annual Meeting about everything from marijuana to medications and their known effects on a pregnancy or while breastfeeding,” described Chris Stallman, a certified genetic counselor and host of the Facebook Live event. Stallman is also host of The MotherToBaby Podcast, available on iTunes, Google Play, Spotify, Stitcher and podcatcher services everywhere. “No topic will be off-limits and we hope the public will take advantage of this rare opportunity to get a behind-the-scenes look at the scientists providing the MotherToBaby service.”

More about OTIS and MotherToBaby

The Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS) is a professional scientific society made up of individuals engaged in assessing and evaluating risks to pregnancy and breastfeeding from environmental exposures. Members include, but are not limited to, specialists in the fields of: obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, genetics, dysmorphology, perinatal epidemiology, teratology, behavioral teratology, pharmacy, genetic counseling, nursing, midwifery, maternal and child health, public health, and includes experts that provide MotherToBaby services and researchers that conduct MotherToBaby Pregnancy Studies. MotherToBaby is a suggested resource by many federal agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). To be connected with a MotherToBaby expert, please call (866) 626-6847, text questions to (855) 999-3525 (standard messaging rates might apply, check with your carrier) or visit www.MotherToBaby.org.

About the Teratology Society

The Teratology Society is an international and multidisciplinary group of scientists including researchers, clinicians, epidemiologists, and public health professionals from academia, government and industry who study birth defects, reproduction, and disorders of developmental origin.  The Teratology Society is made up of nearly 700 members worldwide specializing in a variety of disciplines, including developmental biology and toxicology, reproduction and endocrinology, epidemiology, cell and molecular biology, nutritional biochemistry, and genetics as well as the clinical disciplines of prenatal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, neonatology, medical genetics, and teratogen risk counseling. Scientists interested in membership in the Teratology Society are encouraged to visit www.teratology.org. The society’s official journal, Birth Defects Research, is published by John Wiley & Sons in partnership with the Teratology Society.

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Media Contact: Nicole Chavez, 619-368-3259, nchavez@MotherToBaby.org.

Birth Defects Experts, Colorado Chief Medical Officer to Present at OTIS, Teratology Society, DNTS Annual Meeting

DENVER, COLORADO—“From exposure during pregnancy to a child’s neurological development, it is an understatement to say the legalization of marijuana has the potential to impact Colorado’s children and families,” said Larry Wolk, MD, Chief Medical Officer for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. That “potential impact” is why Dr. Wolk will join top international researchers for a meeting never before held in Denver that brings together world-renowned experts presenting the science behind birth defects research.

The meeting, which is held jointly with the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), the Teratology Society and the Developmental Neurotoxicology Society this week at the Grand Hyatt Denver, will have a special focus on the effects of marijuana exposure during pregnancy. Dr. Wolk will serve as the Keynote Speaker Monday, June 26 at 8am. Then, a “Marijuana and Child Development Symposium,” which features scientists from the University of Colorado at Denver, University of California at San Diego, Yale University and the National Institute on Drug Abuse, takes place Tuesday, June 27 at 3:05pm.

According to MotherToBaby, a service of OTIS that offers information to the public about exposures during pregnancy and breastfeeding through traditional and digital avenues, the growing rate of marijuana use during pregnancy is “deeply concerning.” A federal survey published late last year indicated that almost 4 percent of expecting mothers said they had used marijuana in the past 30 days. This rate is almost twice that for other illicit drugs used in the previous month by pregnant women.
The survey was conducted in 2014. In a survey just 12 years prior, only 2.4 percent had said they used marijuana in the past month.

“As scientists specializing in the effects exposures can have during pregnancy, this trend is extremely worrisome and we’re here to work together to find answers,” said Stephen Braddock, MD, OTIS/MotherToBaby’s president and a professor of Pediatrics at Saint Louis University. “At MotherToBaby, we are frequently contacted by women who want to know if marijuana is safe in pregnancy. New information that will be shared at this meeting will help us to gain a better idea of what the risks are, so that we can better educate expectant and nursing moms as well as healthcare providers.”

“While data are somewhat limited, we know there are risks associated with marijuana use in pregnancy, but we also need to be thinking about the potential impact of cannabis on the adolescent brain,” added Diana Dow-Edwards, PhD, President-elect of the Developmental Neurotoxicology Society, marijuana symposium co-chair, and professor at SUNY Downstate Medical Center. “New and breakthrough science will be presented by some of our speakers and we hope the knowledge stimulates discussion among concerned Denver-area health care providers and the general public alike,” noted Susan Makris, PhD, Teratology Society Public Affairs Committee chair, marijuana symposium co-chair and a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency scientist.

Additional scientific information presented during the meeting includes e-cigarette use in pregnancy and the latest Zika virus findings. More information and the full annual meeting program may be found on the 57th Annual Meeting website. One day registration is available for any local scientists and health care providers interested in attending.

About OTIS/MotherToBaby
MotherToBaby, a service of the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), is a suggested resource by many agencies including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Office of Women’s Health. OTIS was established in 1987 as a way of connecting world-renowned experts in the field of birth defects research to the general public. Today, MotherToBaby affiliates around the world provide the most cutting-edge and up-to-date information about the risks of medications, chemicals, herbal products, illicit drugs, diseases and much more during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. More than 100,000 women and their health care providers seek information about birth defects prevention from MotherToBaby every year. MotherToBaby has been able to embark on new outreach efforts to reach underserved populations and launch new communication technologies through a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration, as well as through the generous donations made by the public. To learn more about MotherToBaby, the ways to contact its network of experts via app, text, live chat, email and phone line, or how to support its services, please visit www.MotherToBaby.org.

About the Teratology Society
The Teratology Society is made up of nearly 700 members worldwide specializing in a variety of disciplines, including developmental biology and toxicology, reproduction and endocrinology, epidemiology, cell and molecular biology, nutritional biochemistry, and genetics as well as the clinical disciplines of prenatal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, neonatology, medical genetics, and teratogen risk counseling. Scientists interested in membership in the Teratology Society are encouraged to visit www.teratology.org. The society’s official journal, Birth Defects Research, is published by John Wiley & Sons in partnership with the Teratology Society.

About DNTS
The Developmental Neurotoxicology Society (DNTS) is focused on studies of the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders and the long-term effects of chemicals and drugs on health and well-being. We promote scientific research on the developmental origins of brain disorders at all life stages. For more information, please visit us at www.dntshome.org. The society’s official journal, Neurotoxicology and Teratology, is published by Elsevier in partnership with DNTS.
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Media Contact: Nicole Chavez, 619-368-3259, nchavez@mothertobaby.org

Brentwood, TN – A recent study that is getting a lot of attention about antidepressants (AD) and a possible link to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), may be bringing about worry and confusion among moms-to-be, according to MotherToBaby experts who study a variety of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

“Questions are coming in to us, so we really wanted to reassure moms that this study doesn’t prove anything. It’s not the whole story,” said Robert Felix, MotherToBaby President. The study, Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children, has suggested a link between taking antidepressants during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and an increased risk of having a child with autism spectrum disorder.

“It’s important to remember that this is one study, and there are still a lot of unanswered questions,” said Felix. “While it adds to the information on the use of these medications in pregnancy, it’s not proof that use of antidepressants will lead to ASD.” Felix points out other recent studies which have not found a link to ASD. While a mother’s mental illness may play a role, it is very important to treat her illness. Untreated mental illness may cause problems for the mom, the pregnancy and the developing baby.

“What we do know for sure is that a pregnant woman should not change her medication without talking to her health care provider first,” he added.

If you have heard about or read the new study on antidepressants and autism and are concerned, please contact MotherToBaby at 1-866-626-6847. You can also text questions to us at 855-999-3525 or read our evidence-based information fact sheets on SSRI medications.

What happens when a researcher studying pregnancy becomes a patient navigating her own autoimmune diagnosis? In this powerful episode of The MotherToBaby Podcast, genetic counselor Chris Stallman, CGC, sits down with Dr. Christina Longo, Assistant Professor at the University of Montreal and perinatal epidemiologist, to discuss her lived experience managing rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Dr. Longo shares how her first diagnosis during pregnancy reshaped her research focus—from child outcomes to the importance of maternal health, mental wellbeing, and self-advocacy. She opens up about the difficult decisions she faced around medication safety, breastfeeding, and treatment during pregnancy, and how patient-led communities and research studies helped her find strength and clarity.

Listeners will learn:

• How autoimmune diseases can change during pregnancy and postpartum
• Why controlled treatment plans matter before conception
• The emotional and physical toll of navigating chronic illness while pregnant
• The importance of participating in pregnancy studies to improve care for future parents

Whether you’re living with a chronic condition, supporting someone who is, or counseling patients through pregnancy, this episode sheds light on the urgent need for research, empathy, and balanced care for both parent and baby.

🔗 Learn more or join a pregnancy study.

💡 Have questions about exposures during pregnancy or breastfeeding?
You can contact MotherToBaby for free, confidential, evidence-based information:
📞 Call: 866-626-6847
📱 Text: 855-999-3525
💻 Visit: https://mothertobaby.org/