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Lamotrigine (Lamictal®)

1 de febrero de 2026

Selected References:

  • Almgren M, et al. 2009. Population-based study of antiepileptic drug exposure in utero–influence on head circumference in newborns. Seizure, 18(10):672-5. 
  • Alvarez I, et al. 2025. Breastfed infants exposed to lamotrigine faced a low risk of toxic effects. Acta Paediatr. 114(2):346-354. doi:10.1111/apa.17432 
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2017. Neural tube defects. Practice Bulletin No. 187. Obstet Gynecol  130(6):e279–e290. 
  • An K, Xu J, Xi Y, et al. 2026. Analysis of ASMs and male infertility using the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS). Front Public Health. 13:1738546. 
  • Arfman IJ, et al. 2020. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs in women with epilepsy before, during, and after pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet, 59(4):427-445.  
  • Asranna A, et al. 2018.  Do anti-epileptic drug modifications after first trimester of pregnancy influence fetal malformation or cognitive outcome? Epilepsy Research, 146: 121-125. 
  • Ban L, et al.  2015. Congenital anomalies in children of mothers taking antiepileptic drugs with and without periconceptional high dose folic acid use: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One, 10(7): e0131130. 
  • Battino D, et al. 2024. Risk of Major Congenital Malformations and Exposure to Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy. JAMA Neurology. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0258. 
  • Bech LF, et al. 2018. In utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs is associated with learning disabilities among offspring. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 89(12): 1324-1331. 
  • Berry-Noronha A, et al. 2025. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with antiseizure medications and their indications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 104(3):e210233.  
  • Birnbaum AK, et al. 2020. Antiepileptic drug exposure in infants of breastfeeding mothers with epilepsy. JAMA Neurology, 77(4): 441-450. 
  • Bjork MH, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with low risk of autism and intellectual disability. JAMA Neurology, 79(7)672-681. 
  • Blotière PO, et al. 2019. Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs. Neurology, 93(2):e167-e180. 
  • Borthen I. 2015. Obstetrical complications in women with epilepsy. Seizure, 28: 32-34. 
  • Bromley RL, et al. 2013. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 84(6): 637-643. 
  • Bromley RL, et al. 2018. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes. Seizure, 44:225–231. 
  • Bromley R, et al. 2022. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8(8):CD010224.  
  • Bromley RL, et al. 2023. Neurodevelopment of babies born to mothers with epilepsy: a prospective observational cohort study. Epilepsia, 64:2454-2471. 
  • Christensen J, et al, 2024. Dreier JW. Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications and fetal growth: a population-based cohort study from the Nordic countries. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 38:100849. 
  • Clark CT, Wisner KL. 2018. Treatment of Peripartum Bipolar Disorder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 45(3):403-417.  
  • Cohen‐Israel M, et al. 2018. Short‐and long‐term complications of in utero exposure to lamotrigine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(1): 189-194. 
  • Cohen JM, et al. 2019. Anticonvulsant mood stabilizer and lithium use and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Psych, 80(4):18m12572.  
  • Cohen JM, et al. 2023. Comparative safety of antiseizure medication monotherapy for major malformations. Ann Neurol, 93:551-562.  
  • Coste J, et al. 2020. Risk of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France. Scientific Reports, 10(1):17362.  
  • Couper RG, et al. 2025. Effects of antiseizure medications on sexual hormones and functions in males with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 66(8):2639-56.  
  • Cummings C, et al. 2011. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 96(7):643-647. 
  • den Besten-Bertholee D, et al, 2025. Mian P. Lamotrigine use in lactating women: Passage into breast milk and infant exposure. Ther Drug Monit. 47(3):317-319.  
  • Deshmukh U, et al. 2016. Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 54:5-14. 
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2017. Is it safe to use lamotrigine during pregnancy? A prospective comparative observational study. Birth Defects Res 1,09:1196-1203. 
  • Dolk H, et al. 2008. Does lamotrigine use in pregnancy increase orofacial cleft risk relative to other malformations? Neurology, 71:714-722. 
  • Dolk H, et al. 2016. Lamotrigine use in pregnancy and risk of orofacial cleft and other congenital anomalies. Neurology, 86(18):1716-1725. 
  • Dreier JW, et al. 2023. Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication and incidence of childhood- and adolescence-onset psychiatric disorders. JAMA Neurology, 80(6):568-577. 
  • Dudukina E, et al. 2023. Prenatal exposure to pregabalin, birth outcomes and neurodevelopment – a population-based study in four Nordic countries. Drug Safety, 46;661-675.  
  • Fantaneau TA, et al. 2023. Real-world practices for the care of women with epilepsy during pregnancy: a Canadian perspective. Epilepsy and Behavior, 148:109468.  
  • Gerard EE, et al. 2015. An update on maternal use of antiepileptic medications in pregnancy and neurodevelopment outcomes. Journal of Pediatric Genetics, 4(2):94-110. 
  • Gómez-Ramiro M, et al. 2019. Adverse outcomes during pregnancy and major congenital malformations in infants of patients with bipolar and schizoaffective disorders treated with antiepileptic drugs: a systematic review. Psychiatr Pol, 53(2):223-244. 
  • Harden CL, et al. 2009. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy—focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology, 73:142–149.  
  • Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2017. Fetal growth and premature delivery in pregnant women on antiepileptic drugs. Ann Neurol, 82(3):457-465.  
  • Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2025. Use of antiseizure medications early in pregnancy and the risk of major malformations in the newborn. Neurology. 105(3):e213786.  
  • Herzog AG, 2008. Disorders of reproduction in patients with epilepsy: primary neurological mechanisms. Seizure, 17(2):101-110. 
  • Hoeltzenbein M, et al. 2024. Antiepileptic treatment with levetiracetam during the first trimester and pregnancy outcome: an observational study. Epilepsia, 65(1):26-36.    
  • Holmes LB, et al. 2011. Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies. Arch Neurol, 68(10):1275-1281. 
  • Huber-Mollema Y, et al. 2020. Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure. Journal of Neurology, 267:1724-1736.  
  • Huber-Mollema Y, et al. 2019. Behavioral problems in children of mothers with epilepsy prenatally exposed to valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or levetiracetam monotherapy. Epilepsia, 60:1069-1082.  
  • Husebye ES, et al. 2018. Verbal abilities in children of mothers with epilepsy: association to maternal folate status. Neurology, 91:e811-21. 
  • Jazayeri D, et al. 2018. Outcomes of pregnancies in women taking antiepileptic drugs for non-epilepsy indications. Seizure, 56: 111-114. 
  • Kacirova I, et al. 2019. A short communication: lamotrigine levels in milk, mothers, and breastfed infants during the first postnatal month. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 41(3):401-404. 
  • Kacirova I, et al. 2022. Monitoring of lamotrigine concentrations in mothers, colostrum, and breastfed newborns during the early postpartum period. Biomedicine and Pharmacolotherapy, 151:113167.  
  • Khan SJ, et al. 2016. Bipolar disorder in pregnancy and postpartum: principles of management. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 18(2):13.  
  • Kohn E, et al. 2022. Magnitude of lamotrigine exposure through breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(4):341-348.  
  • Kuang H, et al. 2024. Reproductive and fetal outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 37(1):2351196. 
  • Kuczynska J, et al. 2019. Comparison of plasma, saliva, and hair lamotrigine concentrations. Clinical Biochemistry. 74:24-30. 
  • Laspro M, et al. 2025. Association of commonly prescribed antepartum medications and incidence of orofacial Clefting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 62(7):1164-74 
  • Larcin L, et al. 2024. Real-world assessment of psychotropic and antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy in Belgium: Trends, predictors, and comparative risk of congenital anomalies (2010-2016). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 33(10):e70021.  
  • Leutritz AL, et al. 2022. Psychotropic medication in pregnancy and lactation and development of exposed children. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 89(2):737-750.  
  • Li X, et al. 2024. Drug-associated congenital anomalies of the external ear identified in the United States food and drug administration adverse event reporting system database. Scientific Rep. 14(1):23624. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-74744-3 
  • Li Y, Meador KJ. 2022. Epilepsy and pregnancy. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 28(1):34-54.  
  • MacEachern DB, et al. 2019. Infertility, impaired fecundity, and live birth/pregnancy ratio in women with epilepsy in the USA: findings of the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry. Epilepsia, 60(9):1993-1998. 
  • McVearry KM, et al. 2009. A prospective study of cognitive fluency and originality in children exposed in utero to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate monotherapy. Epilepsy Behav, 16(4):609-616. 
  • Meador K, et al. 2011. Foetal antiepileptic drug exposure and verbal versus non-verbal abilities at three years of age. Brain, 134:396-404. 
  • Meador KJ, et al. 2014. Breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs: cognitive outcomes at age 6 years. JAMA Pediatr, 168(8):729-736.  
  • Meador KJ, et al. 2025. Neuropsychological outcomes in 6-year-old children of women with epilepsy: A prospective nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurology. 82(1):30-39.  
  • Meng Q, et al. 2026. Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications and risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: an integrated pharmacovigilance and two-sample mendelian randomization study. Epilepsy Res. 222:107756.  
  • Montouris G, et al. 2005. Reproductive and sexual dysfunction in men with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 7:7-14. 
  • Mostacci B, et al. 2018. Emilia-Romagna study on pregnancy and exposure to antiepileptic drugs (ESPEA): a population-based study on prescription patterns, pregnancy outcomes and fetal health. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 89:983–988. 
  • Newport DJ, et al. 2008. Lamotrigine in breast milk and nursing infants: determination of exposure. Pediatrics, 122(1):e223-231. 
  • Nordmo E, et al. 2009. Severe apnea in an infant exposed to lamotrigine in breast milk. Ann Pharmacother, 43:1893-1897. 
  • Ohman I, et al. 2000. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate, and during lactation. Epilepsia, 41:709-713. 
  • Pack AM, et al. 2025. Teratogenesis, perinatal, and neurodevelopmental outcomes after in utero exposure to antiseizure medication. Epilepsy curr. 15357597241258514.
  • Pariente G, et al. 2017. Pregnancy outcomes following in utero exposure to lamotrigine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs, (6):439-450. 
  • Paulzen M, et al. 2015. Lamotrigine in pregnancy – therapeutic drug monitoring in maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and cord blood. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 30(5):249-254. 
  • Pekoz MT, et al. Birth outcomes in pregnant women with epilepsy: A nationwide multicenter study from Türkiye. Epilepsia, 64:2310-2321.  
  • Prakash C, et al. 2016. Maternal and fetal outcomes after lamotrigine use in pregnancy: a retrospective analysis from an urban maternal mental health centre in New Zealand. Psychopharmacol Bull, 46(2):63-69. 
  • Razaz N, et al. 2017. Association between pregnancy and perinatal outcomes among women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurology, 74(8):983-991. 
  • Ren T, et al. 2023. Prenatal carbamazepine exposure and academic performance in adolescents: a population-based cohort study. Neurology, 100(7):e728-e738.  
  • Richards N, et al. 2019. Developmental outcomes at age four following maternal antiepileptic drug use. Epilepsy & Behavior, 93:73-79. 
  • Rihtman T, et al. 2013. Developmental outcomes at preschool age after fetal exposure to valproic acid and lamotrigine: cognitive, motor, sensory and behavioral function. Reprod Toxicol, 41:115–125. 
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  • Schmidt CT, et al. 2023. Transfer of anticonvulsants and lithium into amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood & breast milk: a systematic review & combined analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 124:110733.  
  • Shi X, et al. 2022. Effects of antiepileptic drugs polytherapy on pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: an observation study in northwest China. Epilepsy Behav, 135:108904.  
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  • Thomas SV, et al. 2022. Differential impact of antenatal exposure to antiseizure medications on motor and mental development in infants of women with epilepsy. Discord, 24(3):531-540.  
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