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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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Benzodiazepine

Selected References:

  • Ban L, West J, Gibson JE, et al. First trimester exposure to anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs and the risks of major congenital anomalies: a United Kingdom population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e100996.
  • Barry WS, et al. SM. 1987. Exposure to benzodiazepines in utero. Lancet 1:1436-37.
  • Bellantuono C, Tofani S, Di sciascio G, Santone G. Benzodiazepine exposure in pregnancy and risk of major malformations: a critical overview. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(1):3-8.
  • Brandlistuen RE, et al. 2017. Association of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines and child internalizing problems: A sibling-controlled cohort study. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0181042.
  • Calderon-Margalit R, et al. 2009. Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 201(6):579.e1-8.
  • Czeizel AE. 1988. Lack of evidence of teratogenicity of benzodiazepine drugs in Hungary. Reprod Toxicol 1:183-88.
  • Czeizel AE, Toth M 1998. Birth weight, gestational age and medications during pregnancy. Int J Obstet Gynaecol Obstet 60:245-49.
  • Eros E, et al. 2002. A population-based case-control teratologic study of nitrazepam, medazepam, tofisopam, alprazolam, and clonazepam treatment during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 101:147-54.
  • Kargas GA et al 1985 Perinatal mortality due to interaction of diphenhydramine and temazepam. N Eng J Med 313:1417-18
  • Laegreid L, et al.1992. The effect of benzodiazepines on the fetus and the newborn. Neuropediatrics 23:18-23.
  • Laegreid L, et al.1992. Neurodevelopment in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines—a prospective study. Neuropediatrics 23:60-67.
  • McAllister-Williams RH et al. 2017. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic mediation preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum. J Psychopharmacol 31:519-52.
  • McElhatton PR, 1994. The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 8(6):461-75.
  • Ornoy A, et al.1998. Is benzodiazepine use during pregnancy really teratogenic? Reprod Toxicol 12:511-5.
  • Sanchis A, et al. 1991. Adverse effects of maternal lorazepam on neonates. DICP Ann Pharmacother 25(10):1137-38.
  • Shiono PH, et al. 1984. Oral clefts and diazepam use during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 311:919-20.
  • Weber LWD. 1985. Benzodiazepines in pregnancy—academical debate or teratogenic risk? Biol Res Pregnancy 6(4):151-67.
  • Iqbal MM, Sobhan T, Ryals T. Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53(1):39-49.
  • Wikner BN, et al. 2007. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: maternal characteristics. Pharmcoepidemiol Drug Saf 16(9):988-994.
  • Wikner BN, et al. 2007. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: neonatal outcome and congenital malformations Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 16(11):1203-1210.