Selected References:
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- Choi E-Y, et al. 2023. Neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes and exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during early pregnancy in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med, 20(2):e1004183.
- Dawood MY. 1993. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 169(5):1255-1265.
- Daniel S, et al. 2012. Major Malformations Following Exposure to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs During the First Trimester of Pregnancy. J Rhuematol 39(11) 2163-2169.
- Daniel S, et al. 2014. Fetal exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and spontaneous abortion. Can Med Assoc J 186(5):E177-E182.
- Daniel S, et al. 2015. NSAIDs and spontaneous abortions – true effect or an indication bias? Br J Clin Pharmacol, 80(4):750-754.
- Dathe K, et al. 2018. No evidence of adverse pregnancy outcome after exposure to ibuprofen in the first trimester—Evaluation of the national Embryotox cohort. Reproductive Toxicology, 79: 32-38.
- Ericson A and Kallen BA. 2001. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in early pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol, 15:371-
- Janssen NM and Genta MS. 2000. The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medication on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. Arch Intern Med, 160:610-619.
- Nezvalova-Henriksen K et al. 2013. Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study. BJOG, 120(8):948-959.
- Nielsen GL, et al. 2001. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ, 322(7281):266-270.
- Nielsen GL, et al. 2004. Danish group reanalyses miscarriage in NSAID users. BMJ, 328(7431):109.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. FDA recommends avoiding use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later because they can result in low amniotic fluid. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic. Accessed 21 July 2025.
