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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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Fluoxetine

Selected References:

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  • Andersen JT, et al. 2014. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol 124: 655-661.
  • Bandoli G, et al. 2020. Prenatal Antidepressant Use and Risk of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes. Pediatrics 146(1):e20192493.
  • Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: An updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open 7:e013372.
  • Bonari L, et al. 2004. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 49(11):726-735.
  • Burch KJ and Wells BG. 1992. Fluoxetine/Norfluoxetine concentrations in human milk. Pediatrics 89:676-677.
  • Chambers CD, et al. 1999. Weight gain in infants breastfed by mothers who take fluoxetine. Pediatrics 104(5):I1-15.
  • Chambers C, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 354(6)579-587.
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2008. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: A prospective, multicenter, controlled, observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 66(5):695-705.
  • Gao SY, et al. 2017. Fluoxetine and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 83(10):2134-2147.
  • Goldstein DJ, Marvel DE. 1993. Psychotropic medications during pregnancy: risk to the fetus. JAMA 270:2177.
  • Goldstein DJ, et al. 1997. Effects of first-trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. Obstet Gynecol; 89:713-8.
  • Grigoriadis S, et al. 2013. The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 74(4):e309-20.
  • Grigoriadis S, et al. 2019. Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy Alone or in CombinationWith an Antidepressant and Congenital Malformations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 80(4): 18r12412. doi: 10.4088/JCP.18r12412. PMID: 31294935.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2014. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med; 370:2397-2407.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2015. Antidepressant use late in pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. JAMA; 313(21):2142-51.
  • Isenberg KE. 1990. Excretion of fluoxetine in human breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 51:169.
  • Jimenez-Solem E et al. 2012. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations: a nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2:e001148.
  • Jordan S, et al. 2019. Antidepressant prescriptions, discontinuation, depression and perinatal outcomes, including breastfeeding: A population cohort analysis. PLoS One 14(11):e0225133.
  • Kaplan et al. 2017. Maternal SSRI discontinuation, use, psychiatric disorder and the risk of autism in children: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 83(12):2798-2806.
  • Kieviet N, et al. 2015. Risk factors for poor neonatal adaptation after exposure to antidepressants in utero. Acta Paediatr. 104(4):384-91.
  • Kristensen JH, et al. 1999. Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 48(4):521-527.
  • Levinson-Castiel R, et al. 2006. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160:173-176.
  • Louik C, et al, 2007. First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 356:2675-2683.
  • Lusskin SI, et al. 2018. Pharmacotherapy for Perinatal Depression. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 61(3):544-561.
  • Masarwa R, et al. 2019. Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 220(1):57.e1-57.e13.
  • Morris R, Matthes J. 2015. Serotonin syndrome in a breast-fed neonate. BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-209418.
  • Moses-Kolko, E.L. et al. 2005. Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Literature review and implications for clinical applications. J Am Med Assoc 293: 2372-2383.
  • Nulman I, et al. 1997. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. NEJM 336(4):258-262.
  • Nulman I, et al. 2002. Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 159(11):1889-1895.
  • Ornoy A. 2017. Neurobehavioral risks of SSRIs in pregnancy: Comparing human and animal data. Reprod Toxicol. 72:191-200.
  • Pedersen LH, et al. 2009. Selective serotonin inhibitors in pregnancy and congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ 339:b3569.
  • Rampono J, et al. 2009. Placental transfer of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants and effects on the neonate. Pharmacopsychiatry. 42(3):95-100.
  • Ruchkin V, Martin A. 2005. SSRIs and the developing brain. Lancet; 365:451-3.
  • Sanz E, et al. 2005. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet 365:482-487.
  • Strain, SL. 1994. Fluoxetine-initiated ovulatory cycles in two clomiphene-resistant women. J Am J Psychiatry 151(4):620.
  • Salisbury AL, et al. 2016. The Roles of Maternal Depression, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment, and Concomitant Benzodiazepine Use on Infant Neurobehavioral Functioning Over the First Postnatal Month. Am J Psychiatry 173(2):147-157.
  • Sylvester C, et al. 2019. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Fertility: Considerations for Couples Trying to Conceive. Harv Rev Psychiatry 27(2):108-118.
  • Taddio A, Ito S, and Koren G. 1996. Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in human breastmilk. J Clin Pharmacol 36(1)42-47.
  • Wang S, et al. 2015. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Journal of the American Heart Association; 4(5).
  • Wen SW, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194(4):961-966.
  • Yang F, et al. 2017. Risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring following paternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors before conception: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 7(12):e016368.
  • Yang F, et al. 2018. Prenatal Paternal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Use and Risk of ADHD in Offspring. Pediatrics. 141(1).
  • Yonkers KA, et al. 2009. The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 114(3):703-13.
  • Yoshida, K, et al. 1998. Fluoxetine in breastmilk and developmental outcome of breastfed infants. Br J Psychiatry. 172:175-178.
  • Pregnant Women with Suspected or Confirmed Influenza. Obstet Gyn 132(4):e169-e173.