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Fluoxetine (Prozac®)

Selected References:

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  • Andersen JT, et al. 2014. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol, 124:655-661.
  • Bandoli G, et al. 2020. Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Pediatrics, 146(1):e20192493.
  • Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open, 7:e013372.
  • Bonari L, et al. 2004. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry, 49(11):726-735.
  • Burch KJ and Wells BG. 1992. Fluoxetine/norfluoxetine concentrations in human milk. Pediatrics, 89:676-677.
  • Chambers CD, et al. 1999. Weight gain in infants breastfed by mothers who take fluoxetine. Pediatrics, 104(5):I1-15.
  • Chambers C, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med, 354(6)579-587.
  • Desaunay P, Eude LG, Dreyfus M, Alexandre C, Fedrizzi S, Alexandre J, Uguz F, Guénolé F. Benefits and Risks of Antidepressant Drugs During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Meta-analyses. Paediatr Drugs. 2023 May;25(3):247-265. doi: 10.1007/s40272-023-00561-2. Epub 2023 Feb 28. PMID: 36853497.
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2008. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a prospective, multicenter, controlled, observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 66(5):695-705.
  • Gao SY, et al. 2017. Fluoxetine and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 83(10):2134-2147.
  • Goldstein DJ, Marvel DE. 1993. Psychotropic medications during pregnancy: risk to the fetus. JAMA, 270:2177.
  • Goldstein DJ, et al. 1997. Effects of first-trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. Obstet Gynecol, 89:713-8.
  • Grigoriadis S, et al. 2013. The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry, 74(4):e309-20.
  • Grigoriadis S, et al. 2019. Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy alone or in combination with an antidepressant and congenital malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry, 80(4):18r12412.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2014. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med, 370:2397-2407.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2015. Antidepressant use late in pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. JAMA, 313(21):2142-2151.
  • Isenberg KE. 1990. Excretion of fluoxetine in human breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry, 51:169.
  • Jimenez-Solem E et al. 2012. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations: a nationwide cohort study. BMJ, 2:e001148.
  • Jordan S, et al. 2019. Antidepressant prescriptions, discontinuation, depression and perinatal outcomes, including breastfeeding: a population cohort analysis. PLoS One, 14(11):e0225133.
  • Kaplan et al. 2017. Maternal SSRI discontinuation, use, psychiatric disorder and the risk of autism in children: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 83(12):2798-2806.
  • Kieviet N, et al. 2015. Risk factors for poor neonatal adaptation after exposure to antidepressants in utero. Acta Paediatr, 104(4):384-391.
  • Kristensen JH, et al. 1999. Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 48(4):521-527.
  • Levinson-Castiel R, et al. 2006. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 160:173-176.
  • Louik C, et al, 2007. First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med, 356:2675-2683.
  • Lusskin SI, et al. 2018. Pharmacotherapy for Perinatal Depression. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 61(3):544-561.
  • Masarwa R, et al. 2019. Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 220(1):57.e1-57.e13.
  • Morris R, Matthes J. 2015. Serotonin syndrome in a breast-fed neonate. BMJ Case Rep, doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-209418.
  • Moses-Kolko, E.L. et al. 2005. Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Literature review and implications for clinical applications. J Am Med Assoc, 293: 2372-2383.
  • Nulman I, et al. 1997. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. NEJM, 336(4):258-262.
  • Nulman I, et al. 2002. Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study. Am J Psychiatry, 159(11):1889-1895.
  • Ornoy A. 2017. Neurobehavioral risks of SSRIs in pregnancy: Comparing human and animal data. Reprod Toxicol, 72:191-200.
  • Pedersen LH, et al. 2009. Selective serotonin inhibitors in pregnancy and congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ, 339:b3569.
  • Rampono J, et al. 2009. Placental transfer of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants and effects on the neonate. Pharmacopsychiatry, 42(3):95-100.
  • Ruchkin V, Martin A. 2005. SSRIs and the developing brain. Lancet, 365:451-453.
  • Sanz E, et al. 2005. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet, 365:482-487.
  • Sjaarda LS et al. 2020. Urinary selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors across critical windows of pregnancy establishment: a prospective cohort study of fecundability and pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril, 114(6):1278-1287.
  • Strain, SL. 1994. Fluoxetine-initiated ovulatory cycles in two clomiphene-resistant women. J Am J Psychiatry, 151(4):620.
  • Salisbury AL, et al. 2016. The roles of maternal depression, serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, and concomitant benzodiazepine use on infant neurobehavioral functioning over the first postnatal month. Am J Psychiatry, 173(2):147-157.
  • Sylvester C, et al. 2019. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and fertility: considerations for couples trying to conceive. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 27(2):108-118.
  • Taddio A, Ito S, and Koren G. 1996. Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in human breastmilk. J Clin Pharmacol, 36(1)42-47.
  • Wang S, et al. 2015. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the risk of congenital heart defects: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of the American Heart Association, 4(5)e001681.
  • Wen SW, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 194(4):961-966.
  • Wisner KL, Avram MJ, George AL Jr, Abramova TV, Yang A, Caritis SN, Costantine MM, Stika CS. Concentrations of Fluoxetine Enantiomers Decline During Pregnancy and Increase After Birth. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024 Mar-Apr 01;44(2):100-106. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001821. PMID: 38421920; PMCID: PMC10906734.
  • Yang F, et al. 2017. Risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring following paternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors before conception: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open, 7(12):e016368.
  • Yang F, et al. 2018. Prenatal paternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors use and risk of ADHD in offspring. Pediatrics, 141(1):e20171081.
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  • Yoshida, K, et al. 1998. Fluoxetine in breastmilk and developmental outcome of breastfed infants. Br J Psychiatry, 172:175-178.
  • Pregnant Women with Suspected or Confirmed Influenza. Obstet Gyn,132(4):e169-e173.

MotherToBaby cuenta con el apoyo de la Administración de Recursos y Servicios de Salud (HRSA) del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los Estados Unidos (HHS) como parte de una adjudicación por un total de $6,000,000 con cero porcentaje financiado con fuentes no gubernamentales. Los contenidos son los del autor/es y no representan necesariamente los puntos de vista oficiales de, ni un respaldo, por HRSA, HHS o el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos.