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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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General Anesthesia

Selected References:                                                                                                            

  • Allaert SE, et al. 2007. First trimester anesthesia exposure and fetal outcome. A review. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 58(2):119-23.
  • Allweiler SI, Kogan LR. 2013. Inhalation anesthetics and the reproductive risk associated with occupational exposure among women working in veterinary anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg. May;40(3):285-9.
  • Andropoulos DB, Greene MF. 2017. Anesthesia and Developing Brains – Implications of the FDA Warning. N Engl J Med. 376(10):905-907.
  • Brodsky, JB, et al. 1980. Surgery during pregnancy and fetal outcome. Am J Ob Gyn 138(8); 1165-7.
  • Czeizel AE, Pataki T, et al. 1998. Reproductive outcome after exposure to surgery under anesthesia during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 261(4):193-9.
  • Dalal PG, Bosak J, Berlin C. 2014. Safety of the breast-feeding infant after maternal anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. (4):359-71. doi:10.1111/pan.12331.
  • Duncan, P.G., et al, 1986. Fetal risk of anesthesia and surgery during pregnancy. Anesthesiology 64:790-794.
  • Mazze, RI and Källén, 1989. B Reproductive outcome after anesthesia and operation during pregnancy: a registry study of 5405 cases. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161(5); 1178-85.
  • Olutoye OA, Baker BW, Belfort MA, Olutoye OO. 2018. Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 218(1):98-102.
  • Reitman, E, Flood, P. 2011. Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. British Journal of Anaesthesia 107, (S1): i72–i78.
  • Rosen, MA. 1999. Management of anesthesia for the pregnant surgical patient. Anesthesiology 91(4);1159-63.
  • Sanders RD, et al. 2013. Impact of anaesthetics and surgery on neurodevelopment: an update. Br J Anaesth. 110 Suppl 1:i53-72.
  • Smith, BE. 1963. Fetal prognosis after anesthesia during gestation. Analg. 42;521-6
  • Shnider, SM, Webster, GM. 1965. Maternal and fetal hazards of surgery during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 92;891-900.
  • Sylvester, GC, et al. 1994. First-trimester anesthesia exposure and the risk of central nervous system defects: a population-based case-control study. Am J Public Health 84(11)1757-1760.
  • US FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication. 12/14/16. FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm532356.htm
  • US FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication. 4/27/17. FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. Update. FDA approves label changes for use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs in young children. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm532356.htm
  • Yu CH, Weng SF, Ho CH, Chen YC, Chen JY, Chang YJ, Wang JJ, Wu MP, Chu CC. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes following nonobstetric surgery during gestation: a nationwide population-based case-control study in Taiwan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Nov 26;18(1):460.