Selected References:
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Reaffirmed October 2021. Committee Opinion No. 711: Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 130: e81-e94.
- Brogly SB, et al. 2021. Prenatal opioid analgesics and the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Epidemiology 32(3):448-456.
- Broussard CS, et al. 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 204:314.e1-11.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019. Basics About Opioid Use During Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/opioids/basics.html [Accessed 12/2019]
- Choe C, Koren G. 2015. Sedating drugs and breastfeeding. Canadian Family Physician 61:241-243.
- Hendrickson RG, McKeown NJ. 2012. Is maternal opioid use hazardous to breast-fed infants? Clinical Toxicology 50:1-147.
- Kelly L, et al. 2011. Narcotic-exposed neonates in a First Nations population in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Family Physician. 57:e441-e447.
- Kokki M, et al. 2012. Intravenous oxycodone for pain relief in the first stage of labour-maternal pharmacokinetics and neonatal exposure. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 111:182-188.
- Lam J, et al. 2012. Central nervous system depression of neonates breastfed by mothers receiving oxycodone for postpartum analgesia. Journal of Pediatrics 160:33-7.
- Lam J, et al. 2013. Putative association of ABCB1 2677G>T/A with oxycodone-induced central nervous system depression in breastfeeding mothers. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 35:466-472.
- Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A systemic review. Pediatrics 139(6):1-25.
- Timm NL, et al. 2013. Maternal use of oxycodone resulting in opioid intoxication in her breastfed neonate. Journal of Pediatrics 162:421-2.
- Wen X, et al. 2021. Association of gestational opioid exposure and risk of major and minor congenital malformations. JAMA Netw Open Apr;4(4):e215708.
- Yefet E, et al. 2017. Fixed time interval compared with on-demand oral analgesia protocols for post-caesarean pain: a randomised controlled trial. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 124:1063-1070.
