Selected References:
- Adhikari EH. 2026. Diagnosis and Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 147(3):323-35.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2024. Screening for syphilis in pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2024/04/screening-for-syphilis-in-pregnancy/.[Accessed 03/2026].
- Appak O, et al. 2019. [A case of congenital syphilis and prozone phenomenon]. Mikrobiyol Bul 53(3): 336-342. Article in Turkish with English abstract.
- Brookings C, et al. 2013. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual function in relation to male fertility. Korean J Urol. 54(3):149-56.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About syphilis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/index.html. [Accessed 03/2026]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. STD facts – congenital syphilis. https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/about-congenital-syphilis.html. [Accessed 03/2026]
- Chevalier FJ, et al. 2025. Syphilis: A Review. JAMA. 334(21):1927-40. Erratum in: JAMA. 334(21):1955.
- da Silva HBM, et al. 2024. Syphilis in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A nationwide longitudinal study in Brazil. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 166(1): 80-9.
- Desjardins AA, et al. 2025. FIGO Committee on Infections During Pregnancy and FIGO Committee on Health Systems Strengthening. Syphilis in pregnancy: A practical guide for prenatal care providers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 171(2):601-10.
- Gulersen M, et al. 2023. Risk factors and adverse outcomes associated with syphilis infection during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 5(6):100957. Hegde A, et al. 2023. Congenital syphilis: a rare presentation of a forgotten infection. J Infect
- Dev Ctries 17(1): 135-138.
- Kimberlin DW, et al. 2021. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics; Itasca, IL, USA.
- Mascola L, et al. 1985. Congenital syphilis revisited. Am J Dis Child 139:575-80.
- Mavrov GI, Goubenko TV. 2001. Clinical and epidemiological features of syphilis in pregnant women: the course and outcome of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest; 52:114-8.
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2024. Syphilis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756. [Accessed 03/2026]
- Office on Women’s Health. 2024. Sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Accessed 03/2026).
https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/stis-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding - Papp JR, et al. 2024. CDC Laboratory Recommendations for Syphilis Testing, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 73(1):1–32.
- Peeling RW, et al. 2023. Syphilis. Lancet. 402(10398):336-46.
- Rac MW, et al. 2017. Syphilis during pregnancy: a preventable threat to maternal-fetal health. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 216(4): 352-363.
- Sankaran D, et al. 2023. Congenital Syphilis-An Illustrative Review. Children (Basel).; 10(8):1310.
- Schlueter A, et al. 2022 Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal syphilis infection, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 35 (25): 5828-5833,
- Stafford IA, et al. 2024. Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis. N Engl J Med. 390(3):242-253.
- Verghese VP, et al. 2018. Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Exposed to Infectious Syphilis In Utero. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 37(6):576-579.
- Wan Z, et al. 2020. Maternal syphilis treatment and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study in Jiangxi province, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20:648
