Call Text Chat Email Refer a Patient Join a Study

Search

MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Alprazolam

Selected References

  • Anderson PO, McGuire GG. 1989. Neonatal alprazolam withdrawal -possible effects of breastfeeding. DICP. 23:614. Letter. 
  • Andrade C. 2019. Gestational Exposure to Benzodiazepines, 1: The Risk of Spontaneous Abortion Examined Through the Prism of Research Design. J Clin Psychiatry; 80(5):19f13076  
  • Barry WS, St. Clair SM. 1987. Exposure to benzodiazepines in utero. Lancet; 1:1436-7. 
  • Browne JL, Hauge KJ. 1986. A review of alprazolam withdrawal. Drug Intell Clin Pharm; 20(11):837-41. 
  • Eros E, et al. 2002. A population-based case-control teratologic study of nitrazepam, medazepam, tofisopam, alprazolum and clonazepam treatment during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 101:147-54. 
  • Freeman MP, et al. 2018.  Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes after benzodiazepine exposure during pregnancy: Results from a prospective registry of women with psychiatric disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry; 53:73-79. 
  • Furugen A, et al. 2019. Quantification of eight benzodiazepines in human breastmilk and plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to evaluation of alprazolam transfer into breastmilk. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 168:83-93.  
  • García-Algar O, et al. 2007. Confirmation of gestational exposure to alprazolam by analysis of biological matrices in a newborn with neonatal sepsis. Clin Toxicol (Phila); 45(3):295-8. 
  • Grigoriadis S, er al. 2019.  Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy Alone or in Combination With an Antidepressant and Congenital Malformations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry; 80(4):18r12412. 
  • Ishikawa T, et al. 2026. Benzodiazepine exposure during early pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: dose-response, half-life classification, and individual agents. Arch Womens Ment Health; 29(3):86.  
  • Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breastfed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168:1393-9. 
  • Källén B, et al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel); 6(10):1221-86. 
  • Kelty E, et al. 2023. Safety of alprazolam use in pregnancy in Western Australia: A retrospective cohort study using linked health data. J of Psychoactive Drugs; 1-7.  
  • Lee H, et al. 2022. Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes After Exposure to Alprazolam in Pregnancy. Front Pharmacol; 25: 13:854562. 
  • Mazzilli R, et al. 2021. Psychotropic Drugs Levels in Seminal Fluid: A New Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Analysis?. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne); 12:620936.  
  • Meng LC, et al. 2024. Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage. JAMA Psychiatry; 81(4):366-373. 
  • Munjack DJ, Crocker B. 1986. Alprazolam-induced ejaculatory inhibition. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 6:57-8. 
  • Ogawa Y, et al. 2018.  Maternal exposure to benzodiazepine and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: A case-control study using a claims database in Japan. Asia Pac Psychiatry; 10(3):e12309 
  • Nishimura A, et al. 2021. Benzodiazepine Concentrations in the Breast Milk and Plasma of Nursing Mothers: Estimation of Relative Infant Dose. Breastfeed Med; 16(5):424-432. 
  • Noh Y, et al. 2022. First-trimester exposure to benzodiazepines and risk of congenital malformations in offspring: A population-based cohort study in South Korea. PLoS Med. 2022; 19(3):e1003945 
  • Nonacs R. 2020. “Benzodiazepines and Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy”. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/benzodiazepine-ectopic/. Psychiatric Disorder during Pregnancy 
  • Nonacs R. 2019. “Benzodiazepines During Early Pregnancy and risk of Miscarriage”. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/benzodiazepine-during-early-pregnancy-and-risk-of-miscarriage-2/. Anxiety Disorder, June. Pregnancy Loss, Pregnancy Outcome. 
  • Nonacs R. 2019. “Interpreting New Data on the Use of Benzodiazepines During Pregnancy. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/interpreting-new-data-on-the-use-of-benzodiazepines-during-pregnancy/. December. Psychiatric Disorders during Pregnancy
  • Oo CY, et al. 1995. Pharmacokinetics in lactating women: prediction of alprazolam transfer into milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 40:231-6.  
  • Petric D, et al. 2011. High doses alprazolam induced amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. Psychiatr Danub; 23(1):123-4. 
  • Sheehy O, et al. 2019. Association Between Incident Exposure to Benzodiazepines in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. JAMA Psychiatry; 76(9):948–957.
  • Shyken JM, et. Al. 2019.  Benzodiazepines in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol; 62(1):156-167  
  • St Clair SM, Schnirmer RG. 1992. First-trimester exposure to alprazolam. Obstet Gynecol; 80:843-846. 
  • Tinker SC, et al; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2019. Use of benzodiazepine medications during pregnancy and potential risk for birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Birth Defects Res; 111(10):613-620.  
  • Wall-Wieler et al.. 2020. Benzodiazepine use before conception and risk of ectopic pregnancy. Human Reproduction; 35(7):1685–1692. 
  • Wisner KL, Yonkers KA. 2019. Are Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated With the Illness or Its Treatment (or Both)?. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(12):1317-1318 
  • Yamamoto K, et al. 2019. Pharmacokinetic assessment of alprazolam-induced neonatal abstinence syndrome using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet; 34(6):400-402. 

This website is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award totaling $1,200,000 with zero percentage financed with non-governmental sources. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement by, HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government.