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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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Alprazolam

Selected References

  • Anderson PO, McGuire GG. 1989. Neonatal alprazolam withdrawal – possible effects of breastfeeding. DICP. 23:614. Letter.
  • Andrade C. 2019. Gestational Exposure to Benzodiazepines, 1: The Risk of Spontaneous Abortion Examined Through the Prism of Research Design. J Clin Psychiatry.;80(5):19f13076
  • Barry WS, St. Clair SM. 1987. Exposure to benzodiazepines in utero. Lancet. 1:1436-7.
  • Browne JL, Hauge KJ. 1986. A review of alprazolam withdrawal. Drug Intell Clin Pharm; 20(11):837-41.
  • Eros E, et al. 2002. A population-based case-control teratologic study of nitrazepam, medazepam, tofisopam, alprazolum and clonazepam treatment during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 101:147-54.
  • Freeman MP, et al. 2018. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes after benzodiazepine exposure during pregnancy: Results from a prospective registry of women with psychiatric disorders.  Gen Hosp Psychiatry.  53:73-79.
  • Furugen A, et al. 2019. Quantification of eight benzodiazepines in human breastmilk and plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to evaluation of alprazolam transfer into breastmilk. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 168:83-93.
  • García-Algar O, et al. 2007. Confirmation of gestational exposure to alprazolam by analysis of biological matrices in a newborn with neonatal sepsis. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 45(3):295-8.
  • Grigoriadis S, er al. 2019. Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy Alone or in Combination With an Antidepressant and Congenital Malformations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 80(4):18r12412
  • Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breastfed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 168:1393-9.
  • Källén B, et al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 6(10):1221-86.
  • Mazzilli R, et al. 2021. Psychotropic Drugs Levels in Seminal Fluid: A New Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Analysis?. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 12:620936.
  • Ogawa Y, et al. 2018. Maternal exposure to benzodiazepine and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: A case-control study using a claims database in Japan. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;10(3):e12309
  • Nonacs R. 2020. “Benzodiazepines and Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy”. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/benzodiazepine-ectopic/. Psychiatric Disorder during Pregnancy
  • Nonacs R. 2019. “Benzodiazepines During Early Pregnancy and risk of Miscarriage”. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/benzodiazepine-during-early-pregnancy-and-risk-of-miscarriage-2/. Anxiety Disorder, June. Pregnancy Loss, Pregnancy Outcome.
  • Nonacs R. 2019. “Interpreting New Data on the Use of Benzodiazepines During Pregnancy. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/interpreting-new-data-on-the-use-of-benzodiazepines-during-pregnancy/. December. Psychiatric Disorders during Pregnancy
  • Oo CY, et al. 1995. Pharmacokinetics in lactating women: prediction of alprazolam transfer into milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 40:231-6.
  • Petric D, et al. 2011. High doses alprazolam induced amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. Psychiatr Danub. 23(1):123-4.
  • Sheehy O, et al. 2019. Association Between Incident Exposure to Benzodiazepines in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. JAMA Psychiatry. 76(9): 948–957.
  • Shyken JM, et. Al. 2019. Benzodiazepines in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol.;62(1):156-167
  • St Clair SM, Schnirmer RG. 1992. First-trimester exposure to alprazolam. Obstet Gynecol. 80:843-846.
  • Tinker SC, et al; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2019. Use of benzodiazepine medications during pregnancy and potential risk for birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Birth Defects Res; 111(10):613-620.
  • Wall-Wieler et al.. 2020. Benzodiazepine use before conception and risk of ectopic pregnancy.Human Reproduction, Vol.35, No.7, pp. 1685–1692.
  • Wisner KL, Yonkers KA. 2019. Are Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated With the Illness or Its Treatment (or Both)?. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(12):1317-1318
  • Yamamoto K, et al. 2019. Pharmacokinetic assessment of alprazolam-induced neonatal abstinence syndrome using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 34(6):400-402.