Call Text Chat Email Refer a Patient Join a Study

Search

MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid

Selected References:

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2020. Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 217. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(3):e80-e97. 
  • Baklouti S. et al. 2025. Population pharmacokinetic modelling of amoxicillin in human breast milk-a contribution from the ConcePTION project. Br J Clin Pharmacol, doi: 10.1002. Epub ahead of print. 
  • Benyamini L, et al. 2005. The safety of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefuroxime during lactation. Ther Drug Monit; 27:499-502.  
  • Berkovitch M, et al. 2004. First-trimester exposure to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid: a prospective controlled study. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 58:298-302. 
  • Boissiere-O’Neill T, et al. 2025. Exposure to systemic antimicrobials during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: a population-based registry study. BJOG; doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.18155. Epub ahead of print.  
  • Campbell AC, et al. 1991. The excretion of amoxicillin in breastmilk and its effect on the suckling infant. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 31:230. 
  • Czeizel AE, et al. 2001. Augmentin treatment during pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control teratologic study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 97:188-192.  
  • Daniel S, et al. 2019. The safety of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid use in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 85:2856-2863. 
  • Grantham J, et al. 2002. Association between co-amoxiclav used antenatally with necrotising enterocolitis in the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 187:S90.  
  • Jepsen P, et al. 2003. A population-based study of maternal use of amoxicillin and pregnancy outcome in Denmark. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 55:216-221.  
  • Kafetzis D, et al. 1981. Passage of cephalosporins and amoxicillin into the breast milk. Acta Paediatr Scand; 70:285-288. 
  • Kenyon SL, et al. 2001. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet; 357:979-988.  
  • Kenyon SL, et al. 2001. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet; 357:989-994. 
  • Kenyon S, et al. 2002. ORACLE–antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes: short-term and long-term outcomes. Acta Paediatr Suppl; 437:12-15. 
  • Kenyon S, et al. 2008. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labour: 7-year follow-up of the ORACLE II trial. Lancet; 372 (9646):1319-1327.  
  • Kenyon S, et al. 2013. Preterm Labour, Antibiotics and Cerebral Palsy. Scientific Impact Paper No.33, Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists. 
  • Kwasneiwski M, et al. 2025. Identification and characterization of anaerobic bacteria in human semen: a retrospective study. Anaerobe, 94:102977.  
  • Laspro M, et al. 2024. Association of commonly prescribed antepartum medications and incidence of orofacial clefting. Sage Journals, 62(7):1164-1174. 
  • Lin KJ, et al. 2012. Maternal exposure to amoxicillin and the risk of oral clefts. Epidemiology; 23(5):699-705.  Marlow N, et al. 2017. The ORACLE Children Study:
  • educational outcomes at 11 years of age following antenatal prescription of erythromycin or co-amoxiclav. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed; 102(2):F131-F135.  
  • Meeraus WH, et al. 2015. Association between antibiotic prescribing in pregnancy and cerebral palsy or epilepsy in children born at term: a cohort study using the health improvement network. PLoS ONE; 10(3):e0122034.  
  • Mercer BM, et al. 1997. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA; 278:989-995.  
  • Merkel TA, et al. 2014. Predicting disease severity of necrotizing enterocolitis: how to identify infants for future novel therapies. J Clin Neonatol; 3(1):1-9. 
  • Morawiec E, et al. 2022. Semen dysbiosis-just a male problem? Front Cell Infect Microbiol; 12:815786.  
  • Padberg, S. 2015. Anti-infective Agents. In C Schaefer, P Peters, R Miller (Eds.), Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment. Pg 116. London: Elsevier. 
  • Puho EH, et al. 2007. Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary. Cleft Palate Craniofac J; 44:194-202. 
  • Trahan J, et al. 2025. Antibiotic regimens for the management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 47(7):102922. 
  • Tran A, et al. 2025. First-trimester exposure to macrolides and risk of major congenital malformations compared with amoxicillin: a French nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med, 22(4):e1004576. 

This website is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award totaling $1,200,000 with zero percentage financed with non-governmental sources. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement by, HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government.