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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Anxiety

Selected References:

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  • American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 
  • Anderson PO. 2024. Anxiety Disorders and Breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 19(3):152-154. 
  • Arvanitidou O, et al. 2023. The Impact of Stress and Depression on the Outcome of Human Gestation. Cureus.15(11):e48700.  
  • Bhongade M, et al. 2015. Effect of psychological stress on fertility hormones and seminal quality in male partners of infertile couples. Andrologia. 47(3):336–342. 
  • Bodunde EO, et al. 2025. Pregnancy and birth complications and long-term maternal mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG.132(2):131-142.  
  • Bolea-Alamañac B, et al. 2018. Do mothers who are anxious during pregnancy have inattentive children? J Affect Disord. 236:120-126. 
  • Clinkscales N, et al. 2023. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for anxiety in the perinatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother. 96(2):296–327.  
  • Dabb C, et al. 2023. Paternal pregnancy-related anxiety: Systematic review of men’s concerns and experiences during their partners’ pregnancies. J Affect Disord. 323:640–658. 
  • Dean DC, et al. 2018. Association of prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms with infant white matter microstructure. JAMA Pediatr. 172(10):973-981. 
  • Ding X-X, et al. 2014. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord. 159:103–110. 
  • Dunkel Schetter C, et al. 2022. Anxiety in pregnancy and length of gestation: Findings from the healthy babies before birth study. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 41(12):894–903. 
  • George A, et al. 2013. Anxiety symptoms and coping strategies in the perinatal period. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 13:233. 
  • Gimbel LA, et al. 2022. Pregnancy outcomes and anxiety in nulliparous women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 35(25):8681-8690.  
  • Göbel A, et al. 2018. The association between maternal-fetal bonding and prenatal anxiety: An explanatory analysis and systematic review. J Affect Disord. 239:313-327. 
  • Goodman J, et al. 2014. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 75(10):e1153-e1154. 
  • Grigoriadis S, et al. 2018. Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Association with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 79(5):17r12011. 
  • Hadfield K, et al. 2022. Measurement of pregnancy-related anxiety worldwide: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 22(1):331. 
  • Koerner A, et al. 2024. Are Providers Adequately Screening for Anxiety Symptoms During Pregnancy? Nurs Womens Health. 28(2):109-116.  
  • Korja R, et al. 2024. Trajectories of maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms and child’s socio-emotional outcome during early childhood. J Affect Disord. 349:625–634. 
  • Magnus MC, et al. 2021. Risk of miscarriage in women with psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 219(3):501-506. 
  • Malm H, et al. 2015. Pregnancy complications following prenatal exposure to SSRIs or maternal psychiatric disorders: Results from population-based National Register data. Am J Psychiatry. 172(12):1224-1232. 
  • Misri S, et al. 2015. Perinatal generalized anxiety disorder: assessment and treatment. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 24(9):762–770. 
  • Mughal MK, et al. 2019. Trajectories of maternal distress and risk of child developmental delays: Findings from the All Our Families (AOF) pregnancy cohort. J Affect Disord. 248:1-12. 
  • Navaratne P, et al. 2016. Impact of a high Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score on obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Sci Rep. 6:33544. 
  • Ossola P, et al. 2021. Anxiety, depression, and birth outcomes in a cohort of unmedicated women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 34(10):1606-1612.  
  • Pan Y, et al. 2022. Association between generalized anxiety symptoms and semen quality in infertile men: A multicentre study in North China. Andrologia. 54(8):e14449. Pavlov M, et al. 2014. Obstetric and neonatal outcome in patients with anxiety disorders. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 27:(13) 1339-1342. 
  • Pezley L, et al. 2022. Efficacy of behavioral interventions to improve maternal mental health and breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review. Int Breastfeed J. 17(1):67. 
  • Purkiewicz A, et al. 2025. Breastfeeding: The Multifaceted Impact on Child Development and Maternal Well-Being. Nutrients. 17(8):1326.  
  • Ramos I, et al. 2022. Pregnancy anxiety, placental corticotropin-releasing hormone and length of gestation. Biol Psychol. 172:108376. 
  • Ravid E, et al. 2018. Is there an association between maternal anxiety propensity and pregnancy outcomes? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 18(1):287. 
  • Rogers A, et al. 2020. Association Between Maternal Perinatal Depression and Anxiety and Child and Adolescent Development: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 174(11):1082-1092. 
  • Rooney KL, Domar AD. 2018. The relationship between stress and infertility. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 20(1):41-47. 
  • Salehi F, et al. 2016. Comparison of group cognitive behavioral therapy and interactive lectures in reducing anxiety during pregnancy: A quasi experimental trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(43):e5224. 
  • Schetter CD, et al. 2022. Anxiety in pregnancy and length of gestation: Findings from the healthy babies before birth study. Health Psychol. 41(12):894–903. Shi Y, Han
  • Q. 2024. Does maternal anxiety and depression increase the risk of asthma in the offspring? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 28(3):1066–1076. 
  • Smith CA, et al. 2019. The effect of complementary medicines and therapies on maternal anxiety and depression in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 245:428-439. 
  • Veleminsky M, et al. 2024. Depression and Anxiety. Depression and anxiety in women during physiological pregnancy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 45(7-8):523-538. 
  • Yang Z, et al. 2023. Trajectory of prenatal anxiety and depression and its association with fetal growth development. Early Hum Dev. 187:105875. 
  • Yonkers KA, et al. 2017. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(11):1145-1152. 
  • Zhang T, et al. 2023. The impact of maternal depression, anxiety, and stress on early neurodevelopment in boys and girls. J Affect Disord. 321:74–82. 
  • Zhou J, et al. 2023. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and children’s asthma in preschool age: The Ma’anshan birth cohort study. J Affect Disord. 340:312–320. 
  • Zhou J, et al. 2023. Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety and children’s physical growth: the Ma’anshan birth cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 23(1):384. 

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