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Lithium

Selected References:  

  • Ahmadi R, et al. 2015. International conference of social science, medicine and nursing, Istanbul, Turkey.  
  • Altshuler LL, et al. 1996. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: Dilemmas and guidelines. Am J Psychiatry. 153:592-606. 
  • Ang MS, et al. 1990. Maternal lithium therapy and polyhydramnios. Obstet Gynecol. 76(3 Pt 2):517-519. 
  • Cohen LS, et al. 1994. A reevaluation of risk of in utero exposure to lithium. JAMA. 271(2):146-150.  
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2014. Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to lithium: a prospective, comparative, observational study. Am Journal of Psychiatry. 171:785-794.  
  • Di Florio A, et al. 2017. Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations. N Engl J Med. 377(9):893.  
  • Forsberg L, et al. 2017. Maternal mood disorders and lithium exposure in utero were not associated with poor cognitive development during childhood. Acta Paediatr. Doi:10.1111/apa.14152. 
  • Goodnick PJ, et al. 1982 Differences in lithium kinetics between bipolar and unipolar patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2:48-50. 
  • Hastie R, et al. 2021. Maternal lithium use and the risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a Swedish population-based cohort study. BMC Med. 19(1):291. 
  • Jacobsen SJ. et al. 1992. Prospective multicentre study of pregnancy outcome after lithium exposure during first trimester. Lancet. 339:530-533.  
  • Khan SJ, et al. 2016. Bipolar disorder in pregnancy and postpartum: principles of management. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 18(2):13.  
  • Kozma C. 2005. Neonatal toxicity and transient neurodevelopmental deficits following prenatal exposure to lithium: Another clinical report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet. 132A:441-444. 
  • Krause S, et al. 1990. Polyhydramnios with maternal lithium treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 75(3 Pt 2):504-6. 
  • Kummerlowe MN, et al. 2024. Retrospective review of postpartum lithium use including during lactation. Breastfeed Med. 19(10):796-800. 
  • Lithium FDA Full Prescribing Information. 2018. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/017812s033,018421s032,018558s027lbl.pdf.   
  • Molenaar NM, et al. 2021, Management of lithium dosing around delivery: an observational study. Bipolar Disord. 23(1):49-54. 
  • Morrell P. et al. 1983. Lithium toxicity in the neonate. Arch Dis Child. 58:539-541.  
  • Newport DJ, et al. 2005. Lithium placental passage and obstetrical outcome: implications for clinical management during date pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 162(11):2162-2170.  
  • Patorno E, et al. 2017.  Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations. N Engl J Med. 376(23):2245-54.  
  • Poels EMP, et al. 2020. Lithium use during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. J Clin Med. 9(6). 
  • Poels EMP, et al. 2022. The effect of prenatal lithium exposure on the neuropsychological development of the child. Bipolar Disord. 24(3):310-319. 
  • Raoof NT, et al. 1989. Lithium inhibits human sperm motility in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmac. 28, 715-717. 
  • Robert E. et al. 1990. Comments on teratogen update on lithium by J. Warkany. Teratology. 42:205. 
  • Schmidt CT, et al. 2023. Transfer of anticonvulsants and lithium into amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood & breast milk: A systematic review & combined analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 8;124:110733. 
  • Schou M. 1990. Lithium treatment during pregnancy, delivery, and lactation: an update. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 51(10):410-413.  
  • Smith CJ, Payne VM. 2024. Epidemiology studies on effects of lithium salts in pregnancy are confounded by the inability to control for other potentially teratogenic factors. Hum Exp Toxicol. 43:9603271241236346. 
  • Stoppa A, et al. 2024. A case of pregnancy with severe polyhydramnios related to long-term use of lithium. Bipolar Disord. 26(4):405-408. 
  • Van der Lugt NM, et al. 2012. Fetal, neonatal and developmental outcomes of lithium-exposed pregnancies. Early Hum Dev. 88(6):375-378. 
  • Viguera AC, et al. 2000. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry. 157(2):179-184.  
  • Viguera AC, et al.2007. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 164(12):1817-1824. 
  • Viguera AC, et al. 2007. Lithium in breast milk and nursing infants: clinical implications. Am J Psychiatry 164(2):342-345. 
  • Zivanovic O. 2017. Lithium: A classic drug frequently discussed, but, sadly, seldom prescribed! Aust N Z J Psychiatry 4867417695889. 

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