Lupus

Selected References:

• Abheiden CNH, et al. 2024. Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with an increased frequency of spontaneous preterm births: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 231(4):408-416.e21. 
• Acevedo M, et al. 2017. Breastfeeding initiation, duration, and reasons for weaning in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int, 37(7):1183-1186. 
• Akbari A, et al. 2025. Recurrent pregnancy loss and fetal complete heart block as the initial manifestations of maternal systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report on the diagnostic and preventive role of anti-SSA (Ro) antibodies. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 25(1):731. 
• Alamdarloo SM, et al. 2025. Beyond the autoimmune spectrum, evaluating ovarian health in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a case-control study. Health Sci Rep, 8(12):e71597. 
• Alonaizan A, et al. 2024. Hyperlipidemia in Saudi Arabian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cureus, 16(11):e74653.  
• Al Rayes H, et al. 2024. Adverse impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on pregnancy outcomes: a Saudi Arabia retrospective multi-center study. Open Access Rheumatol, 16:31-41. 
• Alrifai N, et al. 2025. Maternal and fetal outcomes in those with autoimmune connective tissue disease. Clin Rheumatol, 44(1):391-401.  
• American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2020. AIUM practice parameter for the performance of fetal echocardiography. J Ultrasound Med, 39(1): E5-16. 
• Andreatidis B, et al. 2025. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: a case report and literature review. Obstet Med, 1753495X251338163.  
• Arkema EV, et al. 2016. What to expect when expecting with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a population-based study of maternal and fetal outcomes in SLE and pre-SLE. Arthritis Care Res, 68:988–994. 
• Authreya A J, et al. 2022. Fetal flat-facies on prenatal ultrasound: is it chondrodysplasia punctata? A retrospective chart review of 62 fetuses. Journal of Fetal Medicine, 9(02):35-43. 
• Bedoya-Loaiza JE, et al. 2025. Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a study from a Latin American developing country. Lupus, 34(8):864-873. 
• Blask AR. 2018. Severe nasomaxillary hypoplasia (Binder phenotype) on prenatal US/MRI: an important marker for the prenatal diagnosis of chondrodysplasia punctata. Pediatric radiology, 48(7):979-991. 
• Buyon JP, et al. 2015. Predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 163:153–163. 
• Cadir EK, et al. 2024. The effect of lupus on pregnancy and the foetus: should we really be worried? A single-centre retrospective study. Mediterr J Rheumatol, 35(3):464-468.  
• Carvalheiras G, et al. 2010. Pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus: review of clinical features and outcome of 51 pregnancies at a single institution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 38(2-3):302-306. 
• Cha JH, et al. 2023. The risk of pediatric cardiovascular diseases in offspring born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide study. Front Pediatr, 11:1294823.  
• Clowse ME, et al. 2008. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 199:127 e1–6. 
• Collison J. 2018. Systemic lupus erythematosus: effects of disease activity on pregnancy outcomes. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 14(1):4. 
• Cortés-Hernández J, et al. 2002. Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies. Rheumatology, 41(6):643-650.  
• Davidov D, et al. 2021. Maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) high risk for preterm delivery and not for long-term neurological morbidity of the offspring. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(13):2952. de Rezende RPV, et al. 2025. Tripled and sustained change in pregnancy-related annual mortality rates with systemic lupus erythematosus involvement: a nationwide temporal trends study, Brazil, 2006-2022. Adv Rheumatol, 65(1):12. 
• Dhital R, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes across SLE subgroups: significance of cardiovascular events. Lupus Sci Med, 12(1):e001507. 
• Diaz T, et al. 2025. Long-term outcomes of children born to anti-Ro antibody-positive mothers with and without rheumatic disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 77(7):848-854. 
• Do SC, et al. 2020. Does hydroxychloroquine protect against preeclampsia and preterm delivery in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies? Am J Perinatol,37(9):873-880. 
• Dong Y, et al. 2019. Preeclampsia in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol, 39(2):319-325. 
• Du Y, et al. 2024. Primary ovarian insufficiency consequence of autoimmune diseases: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 15:1417896.  
• Ekblom-Kullberg S, et al. 2009. Reproductive health in women with systemic lupus erythematosus compared to population controls. Scand J Rheumatol, 38(5):375-380.  
• Elahi T, et al. 2024. Relationship of lupus nephritis and pregnancy: a narrative review. World J Nephrol, 13(4):99700. 
• Elfving P, et al. 2024. Pregnancies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus during 2000-2018 in Finland: a case-control study. Rheumatol Int, 44(6):1101-1109. 
• Fang QY, et al. 2025. Pregnancy outcomes and risk factors for thrombocytopenia in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 25(1):344.  
• Fu PH, et al. 2024. Neonatal sex and maternal factors associated with small-for-gestational-age neonates: a nationwide population-based study. Health Sci Rep, 7(9):e70093.  
• Fu W, et al. 2026. Clinical features of non-criteria obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a retrospective cohort study on antibody-based risk classification and pregnancy outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 26(1):139.  
• Giannakaki AG, et al. 2025. Current approaches to the management of rheumatic diseases in pregnancy: risk stratification, therapeutic advances, and maternal-fetal outcomes. J Pers Med, 15(9):406.  
• Gerede A, et al. 2025. Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Med Sci (Basel), 13(3):174. 
• Hammam N, et al. 2026. Machine learning-based identification of factors associated with spontaneous abortion in patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Insights from the Egyptian College of Rheumatology (ECR)-SLE cohort. Lupus, 9612033261415984.  
• Handa R, et al. 2006. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. J Assoc Physicians India, 54(1):19-21.  
• Hartanto AI, et al. 2025. Postpartum uterine atony complicating labor in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 13:2050313X251344026. 
• He L, et al. 2025. Impact of disease activity on pregnancy outcomes and risk factors for fetal loss in systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-center cohort study. Ginekol Pol, 96(8):661-669. 
• Hwang YM, et al. 2024. Maternal-fetal outcomes in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, with consideration of comorbidities: a retrospective cohort study in a large U.S. healthcare system. EClinicalMedicine, 68:102435.  
• Isojima S, et al. 2024. Pregnancy outcomes in Australian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Intern Med J, 54(11):1876-1882.  
• Khalayli N, et al. 2025. Lupus pneumonitis in neonatal lupus: a case report. J Med Case Rep, 19(1):489.  
• Khamashta MA. 2006. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 20(4):685-694.  
• Khanmirzaei A, et al. 2025. Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus possibly triggered by Rhogam injection in a 24-year-old pregnant woman: a case report. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep, 9(2):rxaf001.  
• Khogali HI, et al. 2023. Maternal and fetal health outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies in the Emirati population: a comparative study. Lupus, 32(12):1453-1461.  
• Knudsen SS, et al. 2019. Maternal rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus and risk of cryptorchidism and hypospadias in boys: a Danish nationwide study. Rheumatology (Oxford), 59(8):1871-8177. 
• Kothari R, et al. 2016. Reproductive health in systemic lupus erythematosus, an experience from government hospital in Western India. J Assoc Physicians India, 64(12):16-20.  
• Kumar A, et al. 2025. Postpartum renal cortical necrosis:  experience from a tertiary care center in India. J Nephrol, 38(6):1609-1618. 
• Lang T, et al. 2024. Investigation of the causal relationship between autoimmune diseases and premature ovarian insufficiency. Reprod Sci, 32(1):176-186.  
• Limquiaco KNY, Salido EO. 2024. Complete congenital heart block in the offspring of an asymptomatic woman with isolated high titer anti-Ro antibody. Acta Med Philipp, 58(1):84-89.  
• Liu H, et al. 2025. Risk factors for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in SLE patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne), 12:1573573.  
• Liu L, et al. 2025. Risk stratification and subgroup analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with pregnancy: based on a 13-year multicenter cohort study. Clin Rheumatol, 44(10):3909-3921. 
• Lucas AM, et al. 2025. Second trimester kidney function and adverse pregnancy outcomes among patients with lupus. Kidney360, 6(6):983-996. 
• Ma J, et al. 2024. High-risk groups of neonatal lupus erythematosus in term infants: a birth cohort study. Eur J Pediatr, 183(1):149-155. 
• Ma J, et al. 2025. Long-term follow-up of offspring of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus: an observational study. Clin Rheumatol, doi: 10.1007/s10067-025-07893-z. Epub ahead of print. 
• Madazli R, et al. 2010. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol, 30(1):17-20.  
• Marder W. 2014. Increased usage of special educational services by children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus Sci Med, 1(1):e000034. 
• Martín-Portugués M, et al. 2025. Elevated pre-eclampsia risk in lupus nephritis and antiphospholipid syndrome: a nationwide Spanish registry analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford), keaf484.  
• Martinez-Rueda JO, et al. 1996. Factors associated with fetal losses in severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 5(1):113-119.  
• Mathesan M, Ethirajan S. 2024. Triumph over adversity: a comprehensive case series on successful pregnancy outcomes in antiphospholipid antibody (APLA)-positive patients. Cureus, 16(4):e59088.  
• Misztal MC, et al. 2025. Genetics of neonatal lupus erythematosus risk and specific manifestations. J Rheumatol, 52(1):52-57.  
• Mohan P, et al. 2025. Pregnancy outcomes in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a matched-observational study from India. Int J Rheum Dis, 28(6):e70328.  
• Mok CC, et al. 2001. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad Med J, 77(1):157-165.  
• Moyer A, Edens C. 2024. Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on conception: insights into infertility, fertility preservation, assisted reproductive technology, and pregnancy outcomes. Semin Reprod Med, 42(3):209-227.  
• Murari K, et al. 2025. Congenital complete heart block requiring temporary pacemaker placement at birth: a case report. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 29(3):219-224. 
• Murvai VR, et al. 2025 Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 25(1):337.  
• Nalli C, et al. 2017. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to prospectively followed pregnancies of women with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus, 26(5):552-558. 
• Ndarugendamwo AM, et al. 2025. Massively elevated sFlt1/PlGF in a pregnant patient with fetal growth restriction and perinatal death in the context of a systemic lupus erythematosus. BMJ Case Rep, 18(2):e258131. 
• Nossent JC, et al. 2024. Comparison of pregnancy outcomes between indigenous and non-indigenous lupus patients. Intern Med J, 54(9):1465-1470.  
• Nusbaum J, et al. 2020. Breast feeding in the systemic lupus erythematosus patient. Lupus, 29(10):1314-1315.. 
• Nusbaum JS, et al. 2020. Sex differences in systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology, clinical considerations, and disease pathogenesis. Mayo Clin Proc, 95(2):384-394.  
• Petri M, et al. 1991. Frequency of lupus flare in pregnancy. The Hopkins lupus pregnancy experience. Arthritis Rheum, 34(1):1538.  
• Petri M. 2000. Systemic lupus erythematosus: women’s health issues. Bull Rheum Dis, 49(1):1-3.  
• Petri M. 2020. Pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 64:24-30.  
• Phansenee S, et al. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes among women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study from Thailand. Lupus, 27(1):158-164.  
• Polić A, Običan SG. 2020. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Birth Defects Res, 112(15):1115-1125.  
• Repicky J, et a. 2025. Spontaneous conversion of fetal heart block to sinus rhythm post externalized pacemaker placement in an undiagnosed mother with lupus antibodies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 38(1):2428390.  
• Rezaieyazdi Z, et al. 2024. Clinical and serological findings of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome in Mashhad, Iran, from 2008 to 2018: a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Eur J Rheumatol, 11(4):390-398. 
• Saavedra MÁ, et al. 2024. Active but not quiescent lupus nephritis during pregnancy is associated with a higher rate of adverse obstetric outcomes: analysis of a prospective cohort. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 167(1):420-426.  
• Sapantzoglou I, et al. 2023. Congenital heart block and its association with anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies in pregnancy: a case report of a rare entity and a review of the current evidence. Cureus, 15(9):e45832. 
• Shao S, et al. 2025. The long-term development outcomes of the offspring born to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 34(8):2359-2368. 
• Sieiro Santos C, et al. 2025. Pregnancy outcomes in connective tissue diseases: a 30-year study of 465 cases from a single-center Spanish registry with insights on hydroxychloroquine use. ARP Rheumatol, 4(1):29-36. 
• Silver R, et al. 2023. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series# 64: Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. J of Obstet Gynecol, 228(3):B41-B60. 
• Silverman E & Jaeggi E. 2010. Non-cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus erythematosus. Scand J Immunol, 72(3):223-225.  
• Singh AG & Chowdhary VR. 2014. Pregnancy-related issues in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis, 18(2):172-181. 
• Skorpen CG, et al. 2018. Influence of disease activity and medications on offspring birth weight, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth in systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis, 77(2):264-269.  
• Smyth A, et al. 2010. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 5:2060–2068. 
• Soares PM, et al. 2007. Gonad evaluation in male systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 56(7):2352-2361.  
• Suehiro RM, et al. 2008. Testicular Sertoli cell function in male systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford), 47:1692–1697. 
• Sammaritano LR, et al. (2020). 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of reproductive health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Arthritis care & research, 72(4):461-488. 
• Shahwar DE, et al. 2024. A comparison of obstetric outcomes in antiphospholipid syndrome among pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cureus, 16(6):e62126. 
• Sun C, et al. 2025. Risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 312(4):1025-1036.  
• Sun W, et al. 2025. Neonatal lupus erythematosus: an acquired autoimmune disease to be taken seriously. Ann Med, 57(1):2476049. 
• Sun W, et al. 2025. IgG-associated hypocomplementemia in neonatal lupus: a retrospective multicenter study. J Inflamm Res, 11;18:3419-3429. 
• Sun W, et al. 2025. Neonatal lupus erythematosus presenting with congenital heart block: clinical characteristics and follow-up. Clin Rheumatol, 44(4):1581-1587.  
• Tan EM, et al. 1982. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum, 25(1):1271.  
• Tan Z, et al. 2024. Causal pathways in preeclampsia: a Mendelian randomization study in European populations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 15:1453277.  
• Tang P, et al. 2025. Case Report: Siblings with neonatal lupus erythematosus. Front Pediatr, 13:1518881.  
• Teng YKO, et al. 2018. An evidence-based approach to pre-pregnancy counseling for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford), 57(10):1707-1720.  
• Thanh CM, et al. 2025. A multi-institutional case series of neonatal lupus erythematosus without cardiac involvement from Vietnam. Case Rep Pediatr, 2025:5727878. 
• Tiseo, BC, et al. 2019. Complete urological evaluation including sperm DNA fragmentation in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus, 28(1):59-65. 
• Turgay B, et al. 2025. Inflamed pathways to motherhood: evaluating obstetric and neonatal outcomes in rheumatic pregnancies. J Clin Med, 14(16):5692. 
• Vinet E. 2014. Neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 23(11):1099–1104. 
• Wang QH, et al. 2026. Current risk factors for male infertility and semen parameters: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J Androl, doi: 10.4103/aja202552. Epub ahead of print. 
• Wichert-Schmitt B, et al. 2025. Pericardial tamponade in pregnancy due to undiagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep, 9(9):ytaf388. 
• Xu Y, et al. 2025. Pregnancy characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with different onset times and their risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Lupus Sci Med, 12(1):e001529.  
• Xu Y, et al. 2025. Predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Rheumatol, doi: 10.1007/s10067-025-07882-2. Epub ahead of print.  
• Yang MJ, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome of systemic lupus erythematosus in relation to lupus activity before and during pregnancy. J Chin Med Assoc, 78(4):235-240. 
• Yang X. 2022. Clinical features, autoantibodies, and outcome of neonatal lupus erythematosus. Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 41(3):436-442. 
• Zhang X, et al. 2024. Autoimmune diseases and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a Mendelian randomization study. Acta Diabetol, 61(2):161-168.  
• Zheng L, et al. 2025. The impact of early pregnancy disease control in systemic lupus erythematosus patients receiving comprehensive pharmaceutical care on pregnancy outcomes and offspring long-term health. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 25(1):1035. 
• Zhu S, et al. 2024. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy complications and outcomes: a Mendelian randomization study and retrospective validation. Int J Womens Health, 16:891-902.  
• Zhu T, et al. 2024. Causal relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a two-sample Mendelian randomized study. Heliyon, 10(15):e35401. 
• Zou X, et al. 2025. Bibliometric analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy from 2003 to 2024. Immunol Med, 48(4):318-334.