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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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Morphine

Selected References

  • Broussard CS, et al. 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 204(4): 314.e1-314.e11.
  • Daud AN, et al. 2015. P-glycoprotein-mediated drug interactions in pregnancy and changes in the risk of congenital anomalies: a case-reference study. Drug Safety, 38(7):651-659.
  • Feilberg FL, et al. Excretion of morphine in human breast milk. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 33(5):426-428.
  • Interrante JD, et al. 2017. Risk comparison for prenatal use of analgesics and selected birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997-2011. Annals of Epidemiology, 27(9):Epub ahead of print.
  • Ito, S. 2018. Opioids in breast milk: Pharmacokinetic principles and clinical implications. J Clin Pharmacol, 58 Suppl 10:S151-S163.
  • Larson, JJ, et al. 2019. Cognitive and behavioral impact on children exposed to opioids during pregnancy. Pediatrics, 142(2):e20190514.
  • Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 139(6):e20164131.
  • Rothman KJ,, et al. 1979. Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(4):433-439.
  • Yazdy MM, et al. 2013. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 122(4):838–844.
  • Zanardo V, et al. 2018. Morphine-induced supraventricular tachycardia in near-term fetus. Ital J Pediatr, 44(1): 111.
  • Zierler S, Rothman KJ. 1985. Congenital heart disease in relation to maternal use of Bendectin and other drugs in early pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 313(6):347–352.