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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace Tips for Job Safety

Selected References:  

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 733: Employment Considerations During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Obstet Gynecol; 131(4):e115-e123, reaffirmed 2023.  
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Breastfeeding and special circumstances- occupational exposures. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/exposures/occupational.html [Last accessed May 2026]. 
  • Charkiewicz AE, et al. 2020. Lead Toxicity and Pollution in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(12):4385.  
  • Dietz M, et al. 2023. The relevance of oral exposure in the workplace: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health.11:1298744.  
  • Goede H, et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of the quantitative effectiveness of risk management measures (RMM) in the workplace. Annals of Work Exposures and Health; 68(5), 495–509. 
  • Grajewski B, et al. 2005. Occupational exposures and reproductive health: 2003 Teratology Society Meeting Symposium summary. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol; 74(2):157-63. 
  • Günal A, Demirtürk F. 2022. Occupational hazards, sleep quality and musculoskeletal problems of pregnant workers. J Obstet Gynaecol; 42(2):215-219. 
  • Holland MG, et al. 2016. Workplace Lead Exposure. J Occup Environ Med. 58(12):e371-e374.  
  • Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) Reproductive Hazards Overview: https://www.osha.gov/reproductive-hazards [Last accessed May 2026]. 
  • Ohlander J, et al. 2020. Interventions to Reduce Exposures in the Workplace: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies Over Six Decades, 1960-2019. Front Public Health. 8:67.  
  • Paul M. 1997. Occupational reproductive hazards. Lancet; 349(9062):1385-8.  
  • Rice HR, Baker BA. 2007. Workplace hazards to women’s reproductive health. Minn Med; 90(9):44-7.  
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2024. Reproductive Health and The Workplace. About Reproductive Health in the Workplace. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/reproductive-health/about/. [Last accessed May 2026].  
  • US Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati (OH), 1995NIOSH. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2024). Hierarchy of Controls https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hierarchy-of-controls/about/. [Last accessed May 2026]. 

 

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