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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Rubella

Selected References – Rubella:  

  • Aboudy Y, et al. 1997. Subclinical rubella reinfection during pregnancy followed by transmission of virus to the fetus. J Infect; 34(3):273-6. 
  • Andrade JQ, et al. 2006. Rubella in pregnancy: intrauterine transmission and perinatal outcome during a Brazilian epidemic. J Clin Virol; 35:285-91. 
  • Begum NNF. 2020. Novel facial characteristics in congenital rubella syndrome: a study of 115 cases in a cardiac hospital of Bangladesh. BMJ Paediatr Open; 4(1):e000860.   
  • Best JM. 2007. Rubella. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med; 12(3):182-92.   
  • Bouthry E, et al. 2014. Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes. Prenatal Diagnosis. 34(13). 
  • Buimovici-Klein E, et al. 1997. Isolation of rubella virus in milk after pospartum immunization. J Pediatr; 91:939–41.  
  • Bullens D, et al. 2000. Congenital rubella syndrome after maternal reinfection. Clin Pediatr (Phila); 39(2):113-6. 
  • Burgess MA. 1992. Rubella reinfection–what risk to the fetus? Med J Aust; 156:824-5. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2001. Notice to Readers: Revised ACIP Recommendation for Avoiding Pregnancy After Receiving a Rubella–Containing Vaccine. MMWR 50(49):1117. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Rubella Vaccination. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccines/index.html.  
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles). https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html.  
  • De Santis M, et al. 2006. Rubella infection in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol; 21(4):390-8. 
  • Duszak RS. 2009. Congenital rubella syndrome-major review. Optometry; 80(1):36-43.  
  • Enders G, et al. 1988. Outcome of confirmed periconceptional maternal rubella. Lancet; 1(8600):1445-7. 
  • Forrest JM et al. 2002. Gregg’s congenital rubella patients 60 years later. Med J Aust; 177:664-7. 
  • Grillner L, et al. 1983. Outcome of rubella during pregnancy with special reference to the 17th-24th weeks of gestation. Scand J Infect Dis; 15(4):321-5. 
  • Gregg NM. 1941. Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Aust; 3:35-46. 
  • Johnson RE, Hall AP. 1958. Rubella arthritis; report of cases studied by latex tests. N Engl J Med; 258(15):743-5.  
  • Klein EB, et al. 1980. Neonatal rubella in a breast-fed infant after postpartum maternal infection. J Pediatr; 97(5):774-5.  
  • Menser MA, et al. 1967. A twenty-five year follow-up of congenital rubella. Lancet; 2:1347-50. 
  • Miller E, et al. 1982. Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet; 2(8302):781-4. 
  • Morgan-Capner P, et al. 1991. Outcome of pregnancy after maternal reinfection with rubella. CDR (Lond Engl Rev); 1(6):R57.  
  • Paludetto R, et al. 1994. Rubella embryopathy after maternal reinfection. Biol Neonate; 65(5):340-1. 
  • Peckham CS. 1972. Clinical and laboratory study of children exposed in utero to maternal rubella. Arch Dis Child; 47(254):571-7. 
  • Rosa C. 1998. Rubella and rubeola. Semin Perinatol; 22(4):318-22.   
  • Schulz J, et al. 2023. Dissecting rubella placental infection in an in vitro trophoblast model. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 24(9): 7894. 
  • South MA, Sever JL. 1985. Teratogen update: the congenital rubella syndrome. Teratology; 31(2):297-307.  
  • Swan C, et al. 1946. Final observations on congenital defects in infants following infectious diseases during pregnancy, with special reference to rubella; 2(26):889-908.  
  • Webster WS. 1998. Teratogen update: congenital rubella. Teratology; 58:13-23. 
  • Winter AK, Moss WJ. 2022. Rubella. Lancet; 399(10332):1336-1346.  
  • Yazigi A, et al. 2017. Fetal and neonatal abnormalities due to congenital rubella syndrome: a review of literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 30(3): 274-278. 

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