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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Morphine

Selected References:

  • Bosworth, O. M., Padilla-Azain, M. C., Adgent, M. A., Spieker, A. J., Wiese, A. D., Pham, A., Leech, A. A., Grijalva, C. G., & Osmundson, S. S. (2024). Prescription Opioid Exposure During Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery. JAMA network open, 7(2), e2355990. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55990 
  • Brogly SB, Velez MP, Werler MM, Li W, Camden A, Guttmann A. Prenatal Opioid Analgesics and the Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes. Epidemiology. 2021 May 1;32(3):448-456. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001328. PMID: 33625160; PMCID: PMC8011506. 
  • Broussard CS, et al. 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. American Journal of Obstetrics and     Gynecology, 204(4): 314.e1-314.e11. 
  • Cobrinik RW et al. 1995. The effect of maternal narcotic addiction on the newborn infant. Pediatrics 24:288-304. 
  • Collins LR, et al. 2005: Prolonged morphine exposure in utero causes fetal and placental vasoconstriction: a case report. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med;17:417-21. 
  • Daud AN, et al. 2015. P-glycoprotein-mediated drug interactions in pregnancy and changes in the risk of congenital anomalies: a case-reference study. Drug Safety, 38(7):651-659. 
  • Feilberg FL, et al. Excretion of morphine in human breast milk. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 33(5):426-428. 
  • Ghasemi-Esmailabad S, et al. 2022. The effects of morphine abuse on sperm parameters, chromatin integrity and apoptosis in men. JBRA Assist Reprod, 26(3):444-449.  
  • Interrante JD, et al. 2017. Risk comparison for prenatal use of analgesics and selected birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997-2011. Annals of Epidemiology, 27(9):Epub ahead of print. 
  • Ito, S. 2018. Opioids in breast milk: Pharmacokinetic principles and clinical implications. J Clin Pharmacol, 58 Suppl 10:S151-S163.  
  • Larson, JJ, et al. 2019. Cognitive and behavioral impact on children exposed to opioids during pregnancy. Pediatrics, 142(2):e20190514.  
  • Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 139(6):e20164131. 
  • Rothman KJ,, et al. 1979. Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109(4):433-439. 
  • Wang, Y., Berger, L., Durrance, C., Kirby, R. S., Kuo, D., Pac, J., & Ehrenthal, D. B. (2023). Duration and Timing of In Utero Opioid Exposure and Incidence of Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome. Obstetrics and gynecology, 142(3), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005289 

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