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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Oxycodone

Selected references:

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Reaffirmed October 2021. Committee Opinion No. 711: Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 130:e81-e94. 
  • Bateman B T, et al. 2021. Association of first trimester prescription opioid use with congenital malformations in the offspring: population based cohort study BMJ. 372 :n102  
  • Beauchamp GA, et al. 2019. Exposures through breast milk: an analysis of exposure and information calls to U.S. Poison Centers, 2001-2017. Breastfeed Med, 14(7):508-512. 
  • Bowie AC, et al. 2022. Prescribed opioid analgesics in early pregnancy and the risk of congenital anomalies: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ. 194(5):E152-E162.  
  • Brett J, et al. 2025. Analgesic opioids in pregnancy and placental malperfusion-related disorders: a population-based cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 54(4):dyaf137.  
  • Brogly SB, et al. 2021. Prenatal opioid analgesics and the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Epidemiology 32(3):448-456. 
  • Broussard CS, et al. 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 204:314.e1-11. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. About Opioid Use During Pregnancy https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/opioids/basics.html [Accessed 04/2026]  
  • Esposito DB, et al. 2022. Characteristics of prescription opioid analgesics in pregnancy and risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome in newborns. JAMA Netw Open, 5(8):e2228588. 
  • Feng Z, Qin Q, Shi Y, et al. 2025. Association between opioid analgesics and learning disorders: a disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) and EudraVigilance databases. Int J Surg.  
  • Flannagan KS, et al. 2020. Is opioid use safe in women trying to conceive? Epidemiology. (6):844-851. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001247. PMID: 33311959; PMCID: PMC7725439. 
  • Hendrickson RG, McKeown NJ. 2012. Is maternal opioid use hazardous to breast-fed infants? Clinical Toxicology, 50:1-14. 
  • Ito S. 2018. Opioids in breast milk: pharmacokinetic principles and clinical implications. J Clin Pharmacol, 58 Suppl 10:S151-S163. 
  • Kelty E, et al. 2023. Neonatal outcomes associated with in utero exposure to oxycodone, overall and by trimester of exposure: a retrospective cohort study. J Pain, 24(4):617-626.  
  • Kokki M, et al. 2012. Intravenous oxycodone for pain relief in the first stage of labour-maternal pharmacokinetics and neonatal exposure. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 111:182-188. 
  • Lam J, et al. 2012. Central nervous system depression of neonates breastfed by mothers receiving oxycodone for postpartum analgesia. Journal of Pediatrics, 160:33-37. 
  • Lam J, et al. 2013. Putative association of ABCB1 2677G>T/A with oxycodone-induced central nervous system depression in breastfeeding mothers. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 35:466-472. 
  • Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systemic review. Pediatrics 139(6):1-25. 
  • OxyContin. Oxycodone hydrochloride extended release. Package Insert. Purdue Pharmceuticals; 2017.  
  • Schick B, et al. 1996. Preliminary analysis of first trimester exposure to oxycodone and hydrocodone. Reprod Toxicol. 10:162. 
  • Soltanian Tiranchi A, et al. 2026. Duration of monitoring for withdrawal in neonates exposed to in-utero opioids. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 19(1):63-68.  
  • Timm NL, et al. 2013. Maternal use of oxycodone resulting in opioid intoxication in her breastfed neonate. Journal of Pediatrics, 162:421-422. 
  • Wen X, et al. 2021. Association of gestational opioid exposure and risk of major and minor congenital malformations. JAMA Netw Open, 4(4):e215708. 
  • Yefet E, et al. 2017. Fixed time interval compared with on-demand oral analgesia protocols for post-caesarean pain: a randomised controlled trial. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 124:1063-1070. 
  • Zipursky JS, et al. 2023. Maternal opioid treatment after delivery and risk of adverse infant outcomes: population-based cohort study. BMJ, 380:e074005.

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