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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Clotrimazole

Selected References:

  • Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):417 e1-10.  
  • Carter TC, et al. 2008. Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 198:191-193.  
  • Cervi VF, et al. 2022. A novel nanotechnological mucoadhesive and fast-dissolving film for vaginal delivery of clotrimazole: design, characterization, and in vitro antifungal action. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 12(12):2907-2919.  
  • Daniel S, et al. 2018. Vaginal antimycotics and the risk for spontaneous abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 218(6):601.e1-601.e7.  
  • FDA 2006. Clotrimazole Approval Package. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/076387_Clotrimazole%20LozengesTOC.cfm  
  • Frerich W, et al. 1977. The frequency of Candida infections in pregnancy and their treatment with clotrimazole. Curr Med Res Opin. 4(9):640-4.  
  • Giavini E, et al. 2010. Are azole fungicides a teratogenic risk for human conceptus? Toxicol Lett. 198(2):106-111.  
  • Johnstone HA, et al. 1990. Candidiasis in the breastfeeding mother and infant. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 19(2):171-3.  
  • Maftei NM, et al. 2023. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnancy-Between Sensitivity and Resistance to Antimycotics. J Xenobiot. 13(3):312-322.  
  • Mendling W, et al. 2012. Guidelines vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, the German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German Dermatologists and the German Speaking Mycological Society. Mycoses. Jul:55 Suppl 3:1-13.  
  • Müllegger RR, et al. 2016. Skin infections in pregnancy. Clin Dermatol. 34(3):368-77.  
  • Murase JE, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part 1 Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):401.e1-14.  
  • Patel VM, et al. 2017. Topical antiviral and antifungal medications in pregnancy: a review of safety profiles. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(9):1440-1446. 
  • Quindós G, et al. 2025. The future of non-invasive azole antifungal treatment options for the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 23(8):571-584.  
  • Rotem R, et al., 2018. Risk of major congenital malformations following first-trimester exposure to vaginal azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BJOG. 125(12):1550-1556.  
  • Wu J, et al. 2025. Effects of bacterial vaginosis treatment during pregnancy on maternal-fetal outcome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 307:175-183.  

 

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