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Critical Periods of Development

April 1, 2025

Selected References:

  • Ackerman S. Discovering the Brain. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1992. 6. The Development and Shaping of the Brain. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234146/.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2024. Facts Are Important: Understanding and Navigating Viability. Retrieved from: https://www.acog.org/advocacy/facts-are-important/understanding-and-navigating-viability.
  • Hales B, et al. 2018. Teratology Primer, 3rd Edition. Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention. https://www.birthdefectsresearch.org/primer/
  • Helwany M, et al. 2023. Embryology, Ear. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557588/
  • Libretti S, Aeddula NR. 2023. Embryology, Genitourinary. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559309/.
  • Malhotra R, et al. 2023. Enhancing Omphalocele Care: Navigating Complications and Innovative Treatment Approaches. Cureus; 15(10):e47638.
  • Moore KL, et al. 2013. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (9th Ed.). Saunders.
  • Rentea RM, Gupta V. 2023. Gastroschisis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557894/.
  • Sadler TW. 2014. Langman’s Medical Embryology (13th Edition), Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
  • Singh R, Munakomi S. Embryology, Neural Tube. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542285/.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Specific Birth Defects and Other Health Conditions. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/types.html.
  • Tickle C. 2015. How the embryo makes a limb: determination, polarity and identity. J Anat; 227(4):418-30.
  • Zaontz MR, Packer MG. 1997. Abnormalities of the external genitalia. Pediatr Clin North Am; 44(5):1267-97.

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