Call Text Chat Email Refer a Patient Join a Study

Search

MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Depression

Selected References:

  • Anderson CA, Lieser C. 2015. Prenatal depression: Early intervention. Nurse Pract; 40(7):38-46. 
  • Bennett HA, et al. 2004. Depression during Pregnancy. Clin Drug Invest; 24 (3): 157-179. 
  • Bennett HA, et al. 2004. Prevalence of Depression during Pregnancy: Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol; 103: 698-709 
  • Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformation in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open 7:e013372. 
  • Björvang R, et al. 2024. Association of Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy and Perinatal Depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 86(1):52-58. 
  • Bonari L et al. 2004. Perinatal Risks of Untreated Depression during Pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry; 49:726-735. Bränn E, et al. 2024 Perinatal depression and its health impact. BMJ; 384: p2777.
  • Braverman A, et al. 2024. Depression, anxiety, quality of life, and infertility: A global lens on the last decade of research. Fertility and Sterility, 121(3), 379–383. 
  • Burt VK & Stein K. 2002. Epidemiology of Depression throughout the female life cycle. J Clin Psych; 63 (suppl 7): 9-15. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Depression Among Women of Reproductive Age: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/Depression/ Chisolm MS, Payne JL. 2016. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ; 532:h5918.
  • Chan J, et al. 2014. Risks of untreated depression in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 60(3):242-3. 
  • Coburn SS, et al. 2018. Prenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms Predict Early Infant Health Concerns. Matern Child Health J; 22(6):786-793. 
  • Cohen LS, et al. 2006. Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment. JAMA; 295: 499-507. 
  • Committee on Obstetric Practice. 2015. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 630. Screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol; 125(5):1268-71. Dalke KB, et al. 2016. Depression and Anxiety during Pregnancy: Evaluating the Literature in Support of Clinical Risk-Benefit Decision-
  • Making. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 18(6):59. 
  • Depression in pregnant women and mothers: How children are affected, Paediatrics & Child Health, Volume 9, Issue 8, October 2004, Pages 584–586. 
  • Dias CC, et al. 2015. Breastfeeding and Depression. A systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord; 171:142-54. 
  • Einarson A. 2005. The Safety of Psychotropic Drug Use during Pregnancy. Medscape General Medicine; 7 (4): 3. 
  • Evans-Hoeker et al. 2018. Major depression, antidepressant use and male and female fertility. Fertility and Sterility Vol 109 Issue 5, pp 879-887. 
  • Galbally M, et al. 2017. Neonatal adaption following intrauterine antidepressant exposure: assessment, drug assay levels, and infant development outcomes. Ped Res; 82(5): 806-813. 
  • Gavin NI, et al. 2005. Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Incidence. Obstet Gynecol; 106 (5 pt 1): 1071-83. 
  • Glasser S, Lerner-Geva L. 2018. Focus on fathers: paternal depression in the perinatal period. Perspect Public Health. 2018 Jul 25:1757913918790597. doi: 10.1177/1757913918790597. [Epub ahead of print] Gustafsson HC, et al. 2018.
  • Major depressive disorder during pregnancy: Psychiatric medications have minimal effects on the fetus and infant yet development is compromised. Dev Psychopathol. 2018 Aug;30(3):773-785. 
  • Hagatulah N, et al. 2024. Perinatal depression and risk of mortality: nationwide, register based study in Sweden. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 384, e075462. 
  • Hahn-Holbrook J, et al. 2013. Does Breastfeeding Offer Protection Against Maternal Depressive Symptomology? Arch Women’s Ment Health; 16:411-422. 
  • Hermans A, et al. 2026. Prenatal maternal depression and child behavioural and developmental outcomes: An individual participant data meta-analysis in 76,514 children from the EU Child Cohort Network. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, 63, Article 101595 
  • Jablensky AV, et al. 2005. Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women with Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders. Am J Psychiatry; 162: 79-91. 
  • Jahan N, et al. 2021. Untreated Depression During Pregnancy and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 13(8), e17251.  
  • Jiang W, et al. 2018. The relationship of dietary diversity score with depression and anxiety among prenatal and post-partum women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. doi: 10.1111/jog.13728. [Epub ahead of print] 
  • Kelly RH, et al. 2002. Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders as Risk factors for low birth weight and Preterm Delivery. Obstet Gynecol; 100 (2): 297-304. 
  • Kurki T, et al. 2000. Depression and Anxiety in Early Pregnancy and Risk for Pre-eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol; 95 (4): 487-490. 
  • Liu Y, et al. 2021. Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Psychiatry; 21(1):487. 
  • McLearn KT, et al. 2006. Maternal Depressive Symptoms at 2 to 4 Months Post-Partum and Early Parenting Practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; 160: 279-284. 
  • Mughal S, et al. Postpartum Depression. [Updated 2022 Oct 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/ 
  • Muzik M, Hamilton SE. 2016. Use of Antidepressants during Pregnancy? What to consider when weighing treatment with Antidepressants against Untreated Depression. Matern Child Health J. 
  • National Institute of Mental Health. Perinatal Depression. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression 
  • Nillni YI, et al. 2016. Depression, anxiety, and psychotropic medication use and fecundability. Am J Obstet Gynecol.;215(4):453.e1-453.e4538. 
  • Nillni YI, et al. 2022. The association between time-to-pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms in a North American prospective cohort study. Ann Epidemiol.;74:51-57. 
  • Okun ML. 2016. Disturbed Sleep and Postpartum Depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 18(7):66. 
  • Ogunyemi D, et al. 2018. The Contribution of Untreated and Treated Anxiety and Depression to Prenatal, Intrapartum, and Neonatal Outcomes. AJP Rep; 8(3):e146-e157. 
  • Pan J, et al. 2025. Effects of sleep quality, anxiety, and depression on miscarriage among pregnant women: a multi-center prospective observational study. Transl Psychiatry 15, 131. 
  • Pajulo M, et al. 2001. Antenatal Depression, Substance Dependency and Social Support. J Aff Disorders; 65:9-17. 
  • Pao C, et al. 2019. Postpartum depression and social support in a racially and ethnically diverse population of women. Archives of women’s mental health, 22(1), 105–114. Rath K, & Mv S. 2025. Association Between Gestational
  • Robertson E, et al. 2004. Antenatal Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Synthesis of Recent Literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry; 26 (4): 289-95. 
  • Romero-Gonzalez B, et al. 2018. Newborn infants’ hair cortisol levels reflect chronic maternal stress during pregnancy. PLoS One; 13(7):e0200279. 
  • Sanz EJ, et al. 2005. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Pregnant Women and Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome: A Database Analysis. Lancet; 365: 482-487. 
  • Stewart AL, Payne JL. 2023. Perinatal Depression: A Review and an Update. Psychiatr Clin North Am; 46(3):447-461. 
  • Vigod SN, et al. 2016. Depression in pregnancy. BMJ; 352:i1547. 
  • Vintzileos AM, et al. 2002. The Impact of Prenatal Care in the United States on Preterm Births in the Presence and Absence of Antenatal High-Risk Conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 187: 1254-1257. 
  • Wdowik A et al 2017. Impact of emotional disorders on semen quality in men treated for infertility. Neuro Endocrin Lett. Feb; 38(1):50-58. 
  • Xu F, et al. 2014. Does Infant Feeding Method Impact on Maternal Mental Health? Breastfeeding Medicine; 9(4). 
  • Zielińska M, et al. 2023. Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018-2023). Nutrients, 15(11), 2433.  

 

 

 

This website is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award totaling $1,200,000 with zero percentage financed with non-governmental sources. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement by, HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government.