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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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General Anesthesia

Selected References:                                                                                                            

  • Allaert SE, et al. 2007. First trimester anesthesia exposure and fetal outcome. A review. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg, 58(2):119-123.
  • Allweiler SI, Kogan LR. 2013. Inhalation anesthetics and the reproductive risk associated with occupational exposure among women working in veterinary anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg, 40(3):285-289.
  • Anderson PO. 2021. General anesthesia while breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(4):275-277.
  • Andropoulos DB, Greene MF. 2017. Anesthesia and developing brains – Implications of the FDA Warning. N Engl J Med, 376(10):905-907.
  • Brodsky, JB, et al. 1980. Surgery during pregnancy and fetal outcome. Am J Ob Gyn, 138(8); 1165-1167.
  • Choi HN, et al. 2021. Evaluation of safety and foeto-maternal outcome following non-obstetric surgery in pregnancy: a retrospective single-site Australian study. ANZ J Surg, 91:627-632.
  • Czeizel AE, et al. 1998. Reproductive outcome after exposure to surgery under anesthesia during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 261(4):193-199.
  • Dalal PG, et al. 2014. Safety of the breast-feeding infant after maternal anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth, (4):359-371.
  • Duncan, P.G., et al, 1986. Fetal risk of anesthesia and surgery during pregnancy. Anesthesiology, 64:790-794.
  • Fisher SC, et al. 2020. Maternal surgery and anesthesia during pregnancy and risk of birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Birth Defects Res, 112(2):162-174.
  • Mazze, RI and Källén, 1989. B Reproductive outcome after anesthesia and operation during pregnancy: a registry study of 5405 cases. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 161(5); 1178-1185.
  • Olutoye OA, et al. 2018. Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 218(1):98-102.
  • Reitman E, Flood P. 2011. Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 107, (S1): i72–i78.
  • Rosen, MA. 1999. Management of anesthesia for the pregnant surgical patient. Anesthesiology, 91(4);1159-1163.
  • Sanders RD, et al. 2013. Impact of anaesthetics and surgery on neurodevelopment: an update. Br J Anaesth, 110 Suppl 1:i53-72.
  • Smith, BE. 1963. Fetal prognosis after anesthesia during gestation. Analg, 42;521-526
  • Shnider, SM, Webster, GM. 1965. Maternal and fetal hazards of surgery during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 92;891-900.
  • Sylvester, GC, et al. 1994. First-trimester anesthesia exposure and the risk of central nervous system defects: a population-based case-control study. Am J Public Health, 84(11)1757-1760.
  • US FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication. 12/14/16. FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm532356.htm
  • US FDA. FDA Drug Safety Communication. 4/27/17. FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. Update. FDA approves label changes for use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs in young women. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm532356.htm
  • Yu CH, et al. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes following nonobstetric surgery during gestation: a nationwide population-based case-control study in Taiwan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 26;18(1):460.