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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Seasonal Influenza (The Flu)

Selected References:

  • Abdullahi H, et al. 2021. Seasonal influenza during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 258:235-239.  
  • Anselem O et al. 2019. Improving care for pregnant women with suspected influenza: A retrospective study before and after introduction of a rapid molecular assay. PLoS One. Jun 14;14(6):e0217651 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. About influenza.  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html [Accessed 7/2025]  
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Preventing seasonal flu.  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevention/index.html (Accessed 7/2025) 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. Influenza (flu) and breastfeeding. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/illnesses-conditions/flu.html [Accessed 7/2025]. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023Influenza antiviral medications: Summary for clinicians. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/antivirals/summary-clinicians.html  
  • Dawood FS, et al. 2021. Incidence of influenza during pregnancy and association with pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in three middle-income countries: a multisite prospective longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 21(1):97-106.  
  • Dotters-Katz SK. 2024. Influenza in Pregnancy: Maternal, Obstetric, and Fetal Implications, Diagnosis, and Management. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 67(3):557-564 
  • Fell DB, et al. 2018. The relationship between 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza during pregnancy and preterm birth. Epidemiology 29:107-116.  
  • Fiore AE, et al. 2010. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 59(RR-8):1-62. Erratum: Vol. 59, No. RR-8. 
  • Grohskoft LA, et al. 2020. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2020-2021 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep 69(8):1-24. 
  • Gunnes N, et al. 2020. Seasonal and pandemic influenza during pregnancy and risk of fetal death: A Norwegian registry-based cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 35(4):371-379. 
  • Haberg SE, et al: 2013. Risk of fetal death after pandemic influenza virus infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 368: 333-340.  
  • Legge A, et al. 2014. Rates and determinants of seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnancy and association with neonatal outcomes. CMAJ 186(4): E157-E164.  
  • Louie JK, et al. 2015. Pregnancy and severe influenza infection in the 2013-2014 influenza season. Ob Gyn 125(1): 184-192. 
  • Luteijn JM, Brown MJ, Dolk H. 2014. Influenza and congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 29(4):809-23. 
  • Mátrai Á, et al. 2022. First-Trimester Influenza Infection Increases the Odds of Non-Chromosomal Birth Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses. 2022 Dec 2;14(12):2708.  
  • Mátrai Á, et al 2023. Reducing the Risk of Birth Defects Associated with Maternal Influenza: Insights from a Hungarian Case-Control Study. J Clin Med. 12(21):6934.  
  • Memoli MJ, et al. 2013. Influenza in pregnancy. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 7(6):1033-9.  Neuzil KM, et al. 1998. Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol. 148(11):1094-1102.  
  • Nypaver C, et al. 2021. Influenza and Influenza Vaccine: A Review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 66(1):45-53. PMID: 33522695. 
  • Oseghale O, et al. 2022. Influenza Virus Infection during Pregnancy as a Trigger of Acute and Chronic Complications. Viruses. 14(12): 2729. 
  • Payne K, et al. 2020. Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility Implications in Men. Sex Med Rev 8(4):518-530. 
  • Selten JP,et al. 2017. The serological evidence for maternal influenza as risk factor for psychosis in offspring is insufficient: critical review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 183:2-9. 
  • Tamma PD, et al. 2009. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 201(6):547-52. 
  • Zerbo O, et al. 2017. Association between influenza infection and vaccination during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatr 171(1):e163609. 

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