Selected References
- Bertrand KA, et al. 2018. Marijuana use by breastfeeding mothers and cannabinoid concentrations in breast milk. Pediatrics; 142:e20181076.
- Chabarria KC, et al. 2016. Marijuana use and its effects in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 215(4):506.e1-7.
- Coleman-Cowger V, et al. 2018. Prevalence and associated birth outcomes of co-use of cannabis and tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy. Neurotoxicity and Teratology 68: 84-90
- Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. Pediatrics 108:776-89.
- Cook PS, et al. 1991. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs may harm the unborn. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), issue 15.
- ElSohly MA, et al. 2016. Changes in Cannabis Potency Over the Last 2 Decades (1995-2014): Analysis of Current Data in the United States. Biol Psychiatry. 79(7):613-9.
- Feinshtein V, et al. 2013. Cannabidiol changes P-gp and BCRP expression in trophoblast cell lines. PeerJ; 1:e153.
- Fried PA, Smith AM. 2001. A lit review of the consequences of prenatal marihuana exposure. An emerging theme of a deficiency in aspects of executive function. Neurotoxicol Teratol; 23:1-11.
- Fronczak CM, et al. 2012. The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. J Androl, 33(4): 515-528.
- Goldschmidt L, et al. 2004. Prenatal marijuana and alcohol exposure and academic achievement at age 10. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(4):521-32.
- Goldschmidt L, et al. 2008. Prenatal marijuana and intelligence test performance at age 6. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47(3):254-263.
- Goldschmidt L, et al. 2016. Early marijuana initiation: Link between prenatal marijuana exposure, early childhood behavior, and negative adult roles. Neurotoxicol Teratol; 58:40-45.
- Gray T, et al. 2010. Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth. Clin Chem 56(9):1442-1450.
- Hayatbakhsh MR, et al. 2012. Birth outcomes associated with cannabis use before and during pregnancy. Pediatric Res 71(2): 215-219.
- Huizink A. 2009. Moderate use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis during pregnancy: New approaches and update on research findings. Reprod Toxicol 28:143-151.
- Lam PK and Torfs CP. 2006. Interaction between maternal smoking and malnutrition in infant risk of gastroschisis. Birth Defects Res 76:182-186.
- Leech SL, et al. 1999. Prenatal substance exposure: effects on attention and impulsivity of 6-year-olds. Neurotoxicol Teratol 21(2):109-18.
- Leemaqz SY, et al, SCOPE Consortium. 2016. Maternal marijuana use has independent effects on risk for spontaneous preterm birth but not other common later pregnancy complications. Reprod Toxicol; 62:77-86.
- Liston J. 1998. Breastfeeding and the use of recreational drugs alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and marijuana. Breastfeed Rev 6(2):27-30.
- Metz TD, et al. 2017. Maternal marijuana use, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neonatal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 217:478.e1-8.
- Neradugomma NK, et al. 2019. Marijuana-derived cannabinoids inhibit uterine endometrial stromal cell decidualization and compromise trophoblast-endometrium cross-talk. Reprod Toxicol; 87:100-107.
- Reece-Stremtan S, et al; Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2015. ABM Clinical Protocol #21: Guidelines for breastfeeding and substance use or substance use disorders, revised. Breastfeed Med; 10:135-141.
- Smith AM, et al. 2004. Effects of prenatal marijuana on response inhibition: an MRI study of young adults Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(4):533-42.
- The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Lactation. ACOG Committee Opinion Number. 722. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 130(4).
- Thompson R, et al. 2019. Marijuana Use in Pregnancy: A Review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019 Jul;74(7):415-428.
- S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2019. What You Should Know About Using Cannabis, Including CBD, When Pregnant or Breastfeeding: Available at: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-should-know-about-using-cannabis-including-cbd-when-pregnant-or-breastfeeding [Accessed 10/2019].
- Varner MW, et al. 2014. Association between stillbirth and illicit drug use and smoking during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 123(1):113-25.
- Weinsheimer RL, et al. 2008. Impact of maternal substance abuse and smoking on children with gastroschisis. J Pediatr Surg 43:879-883.
- Williams L, et al. 2004. Maternal lifestyle factors and risk for ventricular septal defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 70:59-64.