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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Mold

Selected References:

  • Agache I, et al. 2010. Risk factors and asthma phenotypes in children and adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Phys Sportsmed 38(4):81-86. 
  • Ausman LM, et al. 2026. Maternal Aflatoxin Exposure, Birth Outcomes, and Infant Growth in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2026 May 7;115(1):167-175.  
  • Cao S, et al. 2020. Changes in children’s asthma prevalence over two decades in Lanzhou: effects of socioeconomic, parental and household factors. J Thorac Dis 12(10):6365-6378. 
  • DiPaolo JA, et al. 1967. Teratogenic response by hamsters, rats and mice to aflatoxin B1. Nature 215:638-9.  
  • Etzel RA, et al. 1998. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152:757-762.  
  • Fermiano JTA, et al. 2025. Assessment of Maternal Exposure to Mycotoxins During Pregnancy Through Biomarkers in Fetal and Neonatal Tissues. Toxins; 17(10), 518. 
  • Francis S, et al. 2024. Aflatoxin B1 induces infertility, fetal deformities, and potential therapies. Open Medicine; 19(1), 20240907. 
  • Gallant MJ, et al. 2020. Prenatal and early-life exposure to indoor air-polluting factors and allergic sensitization at 2 years of age. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol; 124(3):283-287.  
  • Hayes AW, et al. 1974. Teratogenic effects of ochratoxin A in mice. Teratology; 9:93-7.  
  • Korpinen E. 1974. Studies on Stachybotrys alternans: effect of low doses of stachybotrys toxins on pregnancy of mice. Acta Path Microbiol Scand; 82:457-464.  
  • Lauer JM, et al. 2019. Maternal aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in Uganda. Matern Child Nutr; 15(2):e12701.   
  • Lee E, et al. 2020. Prenatal mold exposure is associated with development of atopic dermatitis in infants through allergic inflammation. J Pediatr (Rio J) 96:125–31. 
  • Loth EA, et al. 2015. Experimental Paracoccidioiomycosis in pregnant rats. Rev Inst Med Trop San Paulo; 57(6): 515-518. 
  • Magoha H, et al. 2014. Association between aflatoxin M1 exposure through breast milk and growth impairment in infants from Northern Tanzania. World Mycotoxin J; 7(3): 277-284.  
  • Magoha H, et al. 2014. Fumonisin B1 contamination in breast milk and its exposure in infants under 6 months of age in Rombo, Northern Tanzania. Food Chem Toxicol; 74:112-116.  
  • Martyny JW, et al. 2005. Aerosolized sodium hypochlorite inhibits viability and allergenicity of mold on building materials. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 116:630-635.  
  • Mastrorocco A, et al. 2026. Assessment of mycotoxin exposure in women undergoing assisted reproduction: A study of urinary biomarkers related to oocyte and embryo development. Reproductive Toxicology; doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2026.109267. 
  • Reddy CS, et al. 1981. Teratogenicity of secalonic acid D in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health; 7:445-55. 
  • Strina A, et al. 2014. Risk factors for no-atopic asthma/wheeze in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Emerg Themes Epidemiol; 11:5.  
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Mold. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mold-health/about/index.html.  
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2004. Investigation of acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants – Massachusetts, December 2002-June 2003. MMWR; 53:817-820.  
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. Natural Disasters and Severe Weather. Mold after a Disaster. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/natural-disasters/psa-toolkit/preventing-mold.html.  
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2000. Update: pulmonary hermorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants – Cleveland, Ohio, 1993-1996. MMWR 49:180-184.  
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2026. A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home. Available at URL: https://www.epa.gov/mold/brief-guide-mold-moisture-and-your-home.  
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2026. Mold and Health. Available at URL: https://www.epa.gov/mold/mold-and-health.  
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2026. Mold and Your Home. Available at URL: https://www.epa.gov/mold/mold-and-your-home.   

 

 

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