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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (NVP)

Selected References:

  • Abramowitz A, et al. 2017. Treatment options for hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 20(3): 363–372. 
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea and vomiting on pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 131(1):e15-e30.  
  • Anderka M, et al. 2012. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 94(1):22-30.  
  • Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO). 2015. Educational series on women’s health issues on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.  
  • Attard CL, et al. 2002. The burden of illness of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 186(5 Suppl):S220-S227. 
  • Bruun MR, et al. 2021. Nausea During Pregnancy and Timing of Pubertal Development in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Epidemiol. 13:895-905. 
  • Chortatos A, et al. 2015. Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes among women experiencing nausea only or nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 15:138.   
  • Clark SM, et al. 2014. The outpatient management and special considerations of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 38(8):496-502.  
  • Clark SM, et al. 2024. Inpatient Management of Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol. 143(6):745-758.  
  • Colodro-Conde L, et al. 2016. Nausea & Vomiting During Pregnancy is Highly Heritable. Behav Genet. 46(4):481-491.  
  • Einarson A, et al. 2007. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 53(12): 2109-2111. 
  • Ebrahimi N, et al. 2010. Optimal management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2: 241–248.  
  • Fejzo M, et al. 2015. Neurodevelopmental delay in children exposed in utero to hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 189:79–84. 
  • Fiaschi L, et al. 2018. Adverse Maternal and Birth Outcomes in Women Admitted to Hospital for Hyperemesis Gravidarum: a Population-Based Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 32(1):40-51.  
  • Gill SK, et al. 2009. The effect of Acid-reducing pharmacotherapy on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2009:585269.  
  • Gu L, et al. 2021. Association of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with infant growth in the first 24 months of life. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 304(2):429-438 
  • Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Nausea in pregnancy: attitudes among pregnant women and general practitioners on treatment and pregnancy care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 34(1):13-20. 
  • Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy -a cross-sectional study among 712 Norwegian women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 72(5):593-604. 
  • Koren G, et al. 2004. Pre-emptive therapy for severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. 24(5):530–533.  
  • Koren G, et al. 2014. The protective effects of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy against adverse fetal outcome – a systematic review. Reprod Toxicol. 47:77-80. 
  • Madjunkova S, et al. 2013. The Leading Concerns of American Women with Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy Calling Motherisk NVP Helpline. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2013:752980. doi: 10.1155/2013/752980. 
  • Maltepe C, et al. 2013. The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum-a 2013 update. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 20(2):e184-92. 
  • Maltepe C, et al. 2013. Preemptive treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2013; 2013:809787.  
  • McCormack D. 2010. Hypnosis for hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. 30(7):647-653.  
  • Muchanga SMJ, Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group, et al. 2020. Association between nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and postpartum depression: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 4(1):2-10. 
  • Nana M, et al. 2026. Hyperemesis gravidarum. Lancet. 407(10523):78-89. 
  • Nulman I, et al. 2009. Long-term neurodevelopment of children exposed to maternal nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and Diclectin. J Pediatr.155(1):45–50.  Oudmana E, et al. 2019. Wernicke’s encephalopathy in hyperemesis gravidarum:
  • A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 236:84–93. 
  • Regodón Wallin A, et al. 2020. Nausea, vomiting and poor appetite during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in rural Nepal: an observational cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20(1):545. 
  • Varela P, Deltsidou A. 2021. Hyperemesis gravidarum and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review of observational studies. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 60(3):422-432. 
  • Veenendaal MV, et al. 2011. Consequences of hyperemesis gravidarum for offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 118(11):1302-1313. 
  • Wang H, et al. 2020. Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: psychiatric and cognitive problems and brain structure in children. BMC Med. 18(1):228. 
  • Weigel RM, Weigel MM. 1989. Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. A meta-analytical review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 96(11):1312–1318. 
  • Zhang Y, et al. 2018. Association between severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects in Northern China. Birth Defects Res. 110(5):406-412. 

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