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Progesterone and Progestins

Selected References:

  • Carmichael SL, et.al. 2005. Maternal progestin intake and risk of hypospadias. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(10):957-962.
  • Check JH, et al. 1986. The risk of fetal anomalies as a result of progesterone therapy during pregnancy. Fertil Steril, 45:575-577.
  • Committee on Drugs. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics, 108(3):776-789.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. 2021. rPrediction and prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 234. Obstet Gynecol, 138(2):e65-e90.
  • Devall AJ, et al. 2021. Progestogens for preventing miscarriage: A network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Sys Rev, 4(4):CD013792.
  • Duds I, et al. 2006. Population-based case-control teratogenic study of hydroxyprogesterone treatment during pregnancy. Congenit Anom (Kyoto), 46:194-198.
  • Fawzy M, et al. 2008. Treatment options and pregnancy outcome in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 278(1):33-38.
  • Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, Mass.: John Wright-PSG, pp 389, 391-392, 394, 443, 478, 497.
  • Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Cardiovascular birth defects and antenatal exposure to female sex hormones. N Engl J Med, 296:67-60.
  • Massai R, et al. 2005. Extended use of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring in nursing women: a phase II clinical trial. Contraception, 72:352-357.
  • Michaelis J, et al. 1983. Prospective study of suspected associations between certain drugs administered during early pregnancy and congenital malformations. Teratology, 27:57-64.
  • Norman JE, et al. 2009. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy (STOPPIT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and meta-analysis. Lancet, 373(9680):2034-2040.
  • Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2008. Progesterone supplementation during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy in the treatment of infertility: an educational bulletin. Fertility and Sterility, 89(4):789-792.
  • Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2012. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 98(5):1103-1111.
  • RamaRao S, et al. 2013. Progesterone vaginal ring: Introducing a contraceptive to meet the needs of breastfeeding women. Contraception, 88(5):591-598.
  • Roy M, et al. 2020. Progesterone vaginal ring as a new contraceptive option for lactating mothers: Evidence from a multicenter non-randomized comparative clinical trial in India. Contraception, 102(3):159-167.
  • Silver RI, et al. 1999. In vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. J Urology, 161(6):1954-1957.

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