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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Syphilis

Selected References:

  • Adhikari EH. 2026. Diagnosis and Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 147(3):323-35. 
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2024. Screening for syphilis in pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2024/04/screening-for-syphilis-in-pregnancy/.[Accessed 03/2026]. 
  • Appak O, et al. 2019. [A case of congenital syphilis and prozone phenomenon]. Mikrobiyol Bul 53(3): 336-342. Article in Turkish with English abstract. 
  • Brookings C, et al. 2013. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual function in relation to male fertility. Korean J Urol. 54(3):149-56.  
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About syphilis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/index.html. [Accessed 03/2026] 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. STD facts – congenital syphilis. https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/about-congenital-syphilis.html. [Accessed 03/2026] 
  • Chevalier FJ, et al. 2025. Syphilis: A Review. JAMA. 334(21):1927-40. Erratum in: JAMA. 334(21):1955. 
  • da Silva HBM, et al. 2024. Syphilis in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A nationwide longitudinal study in Brazil. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 166(1): 80-9.  
  • Desjardins AA, et al. 2025. FIGO Committee on Infections During Pregnancy and FIGO Committee on Health Systems Strengthening. Syphilis in pregnancy: A practical guide for prenatal care providers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 171(2):601-10.  
  • Gulersen M, et al. 2023. Risk factors and adverse outcomes associated with syphilis infection during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 5(6):100957. Hegde A, et al.  2023. Congenital syphilis: a rare presentation of a forgotten infection. J Infect
  • Dev Ctries 17(1): 135-138.  
  • Kimberlin DW, et al. 2021. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics; Itasca, IL, USA. 
  • Mascola L, et al. 1985. Congenital syphilis revisited. Am J Dis Child 139:575-80. 
  • Mavrov GI, Goubenko TV. 2001. Clinical and epidemiological features of syphilis in pregnant women: the course and outcome of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest; 52:114-8.  
  • Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2024. Syphilis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756. [Accessed 03/2026] 
  • Office on Women’s Health. 2024. Sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Accessed 03/2026).
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/stis-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding 
  • Papp JR, et al. 2024. CDC Laboratory Recommendations for Syphilis Testing, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 73(1):1–32. 
  • Peeling RW, et al. 2023. Syphilis. Lancet. 402(10398):336-46. 
  • Rac MW, et al. 2017. Syphilis during pregnancy: a preventable threat to maternal-fetal health. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 216(4): 352-363.  
  • Sankaran D, et al. 2023. Congenital Syphilis-An Illustrative Review. Children (Basel).; 10(8):1310.  
  • Schlueter A, et al. 2022 Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal syphilis infection, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 35 (25): 5828-5833, 
  • Stafford IA, et al. 2024. Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis. N Engl J Med. 390(3):242-253.  
  • Verghese VP, et al. 2018. Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Exposed to Infectious Syphilis In Utero. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 37(6):576-579.  
  • Wan Z, et al. 2020. Maternal syphilis treatment and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study in Jiangxi province, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20:648 

 

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