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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Selected References:

  • Achong N, et al. 2018. The physiological and glycaemic changes in breastfeeding women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 135:93-101.  
  • American Diabetes Association. 2024. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 47(Supplement_1):S282–S294. 
  • Ballesteros M, et al. 2024. Prematurity and congenital malformations differ according to the type of pregestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 24(1):335. 
  • Bhattacharyya A, et al. 2001. Insulin lispro and regular insulin in pregnancy. QJM. 94(5):255-260. 
  • Boinpally T and Jovanovic L. 2009. Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy. Mount Sinai Journal of medicine. 76: 269-280.  
  • Bytoft B, et al. 2016. Long-term Cognitive Implications of Intrauterine Hyperglycemia in Adolescent Offspring of People With Type 1 Diabetes (the EPICOM Study). Diabetes Care. 39:1356. 
  • Brydon P, et al. 2000. Pregnancy outcome in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus needs to be addressed. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 54(7):418-419. 
  • Capobianco E, Pirrone I. 2023. Paternal programming of fetoplacental and offspring metabolic disorders. Placenta. 141:71-77. 
  • Chen K-R, et al. 2023. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 65:933–941 
  • Chen LJ, et al. 2023.  Maternal diabetes mellitus and birth defects in Taiwan: A 5-year nationwide population-based cohort study. J Chin Med Assoc. 86(6):589-595. 
  • Coetzee EJ and Levitt NS. 2000. Maternal diabetes and neonatal outcome. Seminars in Neonatology. 5(3):221-229. 
  • Cyganek K, et al. 2017. Risk of macrosomia remains glucose-dependent in a cohort of people with pregestational type 1 diabetes and good glycemic control. Endocrine. 55(2):447-455. 
  • Durnwold, C. (2021). Patient education: Care during pregnancy for people with type 1 or 2 diabetes (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate.  
  • ElSayed NA, et al, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 2023. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 46 (Suppl 1):S254-S266. 
  • Glatstein MM, et al. 2009. Use of hypoglycemic drugs during lactation. Canadian Family Physician. 55: 371-373. 
  • Hadden DR and McCance DR. 1999. Advances in management of type 1 diabetes and pregnancy. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 11(6):557-562. 
  • Hagay Z & Reece EA. 1992. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and periconceptional genetic counseling. American Journal of Perinatology. 9(2):87-93. 
  • Jaffar F, et al. 2022.Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Review of Complications and Management. Curr Diabetes Rev. 18(7):e051121197761. 
  • Jangir RN, Jain GC. 2014. Diabetes mellitus induced impairment of male reproductive functions: a review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 10(3):147-57.  
  • Jovanovic L. 1999. Role of diet and insulin treatment of diabetes in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):46-55. 
  • Jovanovic L, et al. 2015. Trends in the incidence of diabetes, its clinical sequelae, and associated costs in pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 31(7):707-16. 
  • Kitzmiller JL, et al: 2010. Preconception care for people with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 88(10):791-803.  
  • La Vignera S, et al. 2015. Reproductive function in male patients w/ type 1 diabetes mellitus. Andrology. 3(6):1082-7.  
  • Landon MB. 2000. Obstetric management of pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):65-74. 
  • Lemaitre M, et al. 2023. Pre-gestational diabetes and the risk of congenital heart defects in the offspring: A French nationwide study. Diabetes Metab. 49(4):101446. 
  • Mank E, et al. 2021. Insulin concentration in human milk in the first ten days postpartum: Course and associated factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 73:e115–e119. 
  • Meek CL. 2023. An unwelcome inheritance: childhood obesity after diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetologia. 66:1961–1970. 
  • Miao S, Yang L. 2024. Association between diabetes mellitus and miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage: A meta-study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 50(11):2029-2037. 
  • Nagasawa M, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and risk of offspring congenital heart diseases: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Environ Health Prev Med. 29:23. 
  • Nasri HZ et al. 2018. Malformations among infants of mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes: Is there a recognizable pattern of abnormalities? Birth Defects Res. 110(2):108-113. 
  • Owens LA, et al. 2015. Comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy- similar conditions or is a separate approach required? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 15:69. 
  • Oyen N, et al. 2016. Prepregnancy Diabetes and Offspring Risk of Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Circulation. 133(23):2243-53. 
  • Pectasides M and Kalva S. 2011. Diabetes Revealed: Multisystem Danger. American Journal of Roentgenology. 196: 274-286.  
  • Reece EA and Homko CJ. 2000. Why do diabetic people deliver malformed infants? Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):32-45. 
  • Ringholm L, et al. 2019. Improving pregnancy outcomes in women with diabetes mellitus: modern management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 15(7):406-416. 
  • Ringholm L, et al. 2020. Diabetes Management During Breastfeeding in People with Type 1 Diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 20(8), 34.  
  • Rizzo TA, et al. 1995. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 173:1753. 
  • Rotem RS, et al. 2024. Maternal periconception hyperglycemia, preconception diabetes, and risk of major congenital malformations in offspring. Hum Reprod. 39(12):2816-2829. 
  • Santos JDC, et al. 2023. Diabetes among women with preterm births: outcomes of a Brazilian multicenter study. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 21:eAO0515. 
  • Seah JM, et al. 2021 Risk factors for pregnancy outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Intern Med J. 51(1):78-86. 
  • Sells CJ, et al. 1994. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr. 125:S9. 
  • Sønnichsen-Dreehsen AS, et al. 2025. The association between paternal diabetes mellitus and successful pregnancy-Examined in a nationwide population undergoing reproductive treatment. Andrology. 13(3):485-493. 
  • Temple R and Murphy H. 2010. Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy-An increasing problem. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology  & Metabolism. 24: 591-603.  
  • Thorius, IH, et al. 2024. Glycemic control and risk of congenital malformations in women with type 1 diabetes. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 144(5):p 725-732. 
  • Turunen R, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and overweight and congenital heart defects in offspring. JAMA Netw Open. 7(1):e2350579. 
  • Yanit KE et al 2012. The impact of chronic hypertension and pregestational diabetes on pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 207(4):333.e1-6. 

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