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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

E-cigarettes (Vaping)

Selected References:  

  • AlHarthi A, et al. 2023. Investigating behavioral and neuronal changes in adolescent mice following prenatal exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vapor containing nicotine. Brain Sci, 13(10): 1417. 
  • Archie S, et al. 2023. Maternal e-cigarette use can disrupt postnatal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and deteriorates motor, learning and memory function: influence of sex and age. Fluids Barriers CNS, 20. 
  • Baez-Loya S, et al. 2014. Perceptions about e-cigarette safety may lead to e-smoking during pregnancy. Bull Menninger Clin. 78(3):243-52.  
  • Bednarczuk N, et al. 2022. Nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes in pregnancy and infant respiratory outcomes. Early Hum Dev, 164:105509. 
  • Bell L, et al. 2023. Use of e-cigarettes in pregnancy: a systematic review of evidence published from 2020-2022. Journal of Public Health, 33: 315-328 
  • Cardenas VM, et al. 2019. Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) by pregnant women I: Risk of small-for-gestational-age birth. Tobacco induced diseases, 17:44. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018. Electronic Cigarettes. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/index.htm [Accessed 4/2025]. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2023: General Information About Secondhand Smoke. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/about.html [Accessed 4/2025]. 
  • Çetin T & Durmaz Ö. 2024. An assessment of the impact of smoking and vaping during pregnancy on placental dysfunction using shear-wave elastography. Arch Basic Clin Res, 6(3): 188-194.  
  • Chen T, et al. 2023. Ovarian toxicity of e-cigarette liquids: effects of components and high and low nicotine concentration e-cigarette liquid in vitro. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 21:128. 
  • Froggatt S, et al. 2020. The effects of prenatal cigarette and e-cigarette exposure on infant neurobehavior: A comparison to a control group. EClinicalMedicine, 28:10062.  
  • Hahn J, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation. Tob Induc Dis, 12(1):23. 
  • Holmboe SA, et al. 2020. Use of e-cigarettes associates with lower sperm counts in a cross-sectional study of young men from the general population. Hum Reprod, 35(7):1693-1701. 
  • Kahr MK, et al. 2015. A qualitative assessment of the perceived risks of electronic cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy. BMC Public Health. 15(1):1273.  
  • Kim S, Oancea SC. 2020. Electronic cigarettes may not be a “safer alternative” of conventional cigarettes during pregnancy: Evidence from the nationally representative PRAMS data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20(1):557.  
  • Kopa-Stojak PN & Pawliczak R. 2024. Disposable electronic cigarettes – chemical composition and health effects of their use. A systematic review. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 35(3): 250-261. 
  • Lin S, et al. 2023. E-cigarette use during pregnancy and its association with adverse birth outcomes in the US. Prev Med, 166:107375. 
  • McDonnell BP, et al. 2020. Electronic cigarettes and obstetric outcomes: A prospective observational study. BJOG, 127(6):750-756.Nanninga EK et al. 2023. Adverse maternal and infant outcomes of women who differ in smoking status: e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20(3): 2632. 
  • Nguyen T, et al. 2018. Maternal e-cigarette exposure results in cognitive and epigenetic alterations in offspring in a mouse model. Chemical research in toxicology, 31(7): 601-611. 
  • Noël A, et al. 2020. In utero exposures to electronic-cigarette aerosols impair the Wnt signaling during mouse lung development. American journal of psychology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 318(4):L705-L722. 
  • Orzabal MR, et al. 2019. Chronic exposure to e-cig aerosols during early development causes vascular dysfunction and offspring growth deficits. Translational research: the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 207:70-82. 
  • Popham K & Kandasamy Y. 2023. The impact of smoking and nicotine exposure during pregnancy on fetal nephrogenesis: a systematic review. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 14(5): 559-569. 
  • Phillips L et al. 2023. Developing a taxonomy to describe offspring outcomes in studies involving pregnant mammals’ exposure to non-tobacco nicotine: a systematic scoping review. Plos One, 18(2).  
  • Sana M et al. 2023. Maternal cigarette and electronic cigarette use before pregnancy associated with the risk of hypertension and gestational hypertension. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 141(5S): 83S-83S. 
  • Suter MA, et al. 2015. Is there evidence for potential harm of electronic cigarette use in pregnancy? Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,103(3):186-95. 
  • Walayat A et al. 2024. Maternal e-cigarette exposure alters DNA methylome, site-specific CpG and CH methylation, and transcriptomic signatures in the neonatal brain. Sci Rep, 14. 
  • Wang X, et al. 2020. Smoking and use of electronic cigarettes (vaping) in relation to preterm birth and small-for-gestational age in a 2016 U.S. national sample. Preventative medicine, 134:106041. 

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