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Metformin (Glucophage®)

Selected References

  • Briggs GG, et al. 2005. Excretion of metformin into breast milk and the effect on nursing infants. Obstet Gynecol 105(6):1437-41.
  • Cassina M, et al. 2014. First-trimester exposure to metformin and risk of birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 20(5):656-69.
  • Coetzee EJ, et al. 1980. Pregnancy in established non- insulin-dependent diabetics: A five-and-a-half year study at Groote Schuur Hospital. S Afr Med J 58:795-802.
  • Coetzee EJ, et al. 1984. Oral hypoglycaemics in the first trimester and fetal outcome. S Afr Med J. 65:635-7.
  • Dhulkotia JS, et al. 2010. Oral hypoglycemic agents vs insulin in management of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 203(5):457.e1-9.
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2018. In-utero exposure to metformin for type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome: A prospective comparative observational study. Reprod Toxicol. 80:85-91.
  • Feig DS, et al. 2007. Oral antidabetic agents in pregnancy & lactation: a paradigm shift? Ann Pharmacother 41:1174-80.
  • Gardiner SJ, et al. 2003. Transfer of metformin into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 73:71-7.
  • Ghazeeri G, et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcomes and effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 91:658–678.
  • Gilbert C, et al. 2006. Pregnancy outcome after first-trimester exposure of metformin: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 86:658-63.
  • Glueck CJ, et al. 2001. Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 75:46-52.
  • Glueck CJ, et al. 2002. Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. Hum Reprod 17:2858-64.
  • Glueck CJ et al. 2004. Height, weight, and motor-social development during the first 18 months of life in 126 infants born to 109 mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome who conceived on and continued metformin through pregnancy. Hum Reprod 19:1323-30.
  • Glueck CJ et al. 2006. Growth, motor, and social development in breast- and formula-fed infants of metformin-treated women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr 148:628-32.
  • Glueck CJ et al. 2008. Prevention of gestational diabetes by metformin plus diet in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 89:625-634.
  • Glueck CJ et al. 2013. Effects of metformin-diet intervention before and throughout pregnancy on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Current Med Res and Op. 29(1): 55-62.
  • Greger HK et al. 2020. Cognitive function in metformin exposed children, born to mothers with PCOS-follow-up of an RCT. BMC Pediatrics 20:60.
  • Ismail B, et al. 2019. Assessment of the fetal myocardial performance index in well‐controlled gestational diabetics & to determine whether it is predictive of adverse perinatal outcome. Pediatric Cardiology. 40:1460–1467.
  • Jakubowicz D. 2002. Effects of Metformin on Early Pregnancy Loss in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, J of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 87(2): 524-529.
  • Panchaud A, et al. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes in women on metformin for diabetes or other indications among those seeking teratology information services. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 84(3): 568-578.
  • Picon-Cesar MJ, et al 2021. Metformin for gestational diabetes study: metformin vs insulin in gestational diabetes: glycemic control and obstetrical and perinatal outcomes: randomized prospective trial. Am J Obstet Gyneol; 225”517.e1-17.
  • Tarry-Adkins J, et al. 2019. Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metform versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: A systemic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine 16(8): e1002848.
  • Wensink MJ, Lu Y, Tian L, et al. Preconception Antidiabetic Drugs in Men and Birth Defects in Offspring : A Nationwide Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175(5):665-673. doi:10.7326/M21-4389
  • Wouldes TA, et al. 2016 Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years in offspring of women randomised to metformin or insulin treatment for gestational diabetes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 101(6):F488-F493.