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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Selected References

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Committee Opinion No. 723. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol, 130(4):933-934.
  • American College of Radiology. (2020).ACR Manual on MR Safety. [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Radiology-Safety/MR-Safety/Manual-on-MR-Safety.pdf.
  • Amin R, et al. 2017. Editor’s highlight: In utero exposure to gadolinium and adverse neonatal outcomes in premature infants. Toxicol Sci, 156(2):520-526.
  • Bird ST. 2019. First-trimester exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents: a utilization study of 4.6 million U.S. pregnancies. Radiology, 293(1):193–200.
  • Chartier AL, et al. 2019. The safety of maternal and fetal MRI at 3 T. American Journal of Roentgenology, 213(5): 1170–1173.
  • Kallmes DF & Watson RE. 2019. Gadolinium administration in undetected pregnancy: cause for alarm? Radiology, 293(1):201–202.
  • Mervak BM, et al. 2019. MRI in pregnancy: Indications and practical considerations. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, JMRI, 49(3):621–631.
  • Murata N, et al. 2016. Macrocyclic and other non-group 1 gadolinium contrast agents deposit low levels of gadolinium in brain and bone tissue: Preliminary results From 9 patients with normal renal function. Invest Radiol, 51(7):447-453.
  • Patenaude Y, et al. 2014. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the obstetric patient. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 36:349-355.
  • Ray JG, et al. 2016. Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA, 316(9):952-961.
  • Rogosnitzky M, Branch S. 2016. Gadolinium-based contrast agent toxicity: a review of known and proposed mechanisms. Biometals, 29:365-376.
  • US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2018. Information on Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm142882.htm
  • Webb JA, et al, Members of Contrast Media Safety Committee of European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). 2005. The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol, 15:1235-1240.