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Promethazine (Phenergan®)

Selected References:

  • Anderka M, et al. 2012. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. Jan;94(1):22-30.
  • Bartfai Z, et al. 2008. A population-based case-control teratologic study of promethazine use during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 25:276-285.
  • Corby DG, Shulman I. 1971. The effects of antenatal drug administration on aggregation of platelets of newborn infants. J Pediatr. 79:307-13.
  • Czeizel AE, et al. 1999. The effect of diazepam and promethazine treatment during pregnancy on the somatic development of human offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 21(2):157-67.
  • Gilboa SM, et al. 2009. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 85(2):137-150.
  • Hall PF. 1987. Use of promethazine (Phenergan) in labour (letter). Can Med Assoc J; 136:690-1.
  • Heinonen OP et al. 1997. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy, Littleton, Publishing Sciences Group, pp 323-4, 437.
  • Hildebrandt HM. 1999. Maternal perception of lactogenesis time: a clinical report. J Hum Lact.15:317-23.
  • Kullander S, Källén B. 1976. A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. II. Anti-emetic drugs. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.55(2):105-11.
  • Larrimer MB, et al. 2014. Antiemetic medications in pregnancy: a prospective investigation of obstetric and neurobehavioral outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 270: e1-e7.
  • Messinis IE, et al. 1985. Histamine H1 receptor participation in the control of prolactin secretion in postpartum. J Endocrinol Invest.8:143-6.
  • Ngo E, et al. 2022. Antihistamine use during breastfeeding with focus on breast milk transfer and safety in humans: A systematic literature review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 130(1): 171-181.
  • Petik D, et al. 2008. A study of the potential teratogenic effect of large doses of promethazine used for a suicide attempt by 32 pregnant women. Toxicol Ind Health; 24(1-2):87-96.
  • Petik D, et al. 2012. A study of the risk of mental retardation among children of pregnant women who have attempted suicide by means of a drug overdose. J Inj Violence Res. Jan;4(1):10-19.
  • Schrager NL, et al. 2021. Trends in first-trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and use of select treatments: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2021 Jan;35(1):57-64.
  • Starke PR, et al. 2005. Boxed warning added to promethazine labeling for pediatric use. NEJM 2005;352:2653.
  • Whaun JM, et al. 1980. Effect of prenatal drug administration on maternal and neonatal platelet aggregation and PF4 release. Haemostasis; 9:226-37.

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