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Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (Flu Shot)

Selected References:

  • American Academy of Pediatrics. 2020. Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2020-2021. Pediatrics. 146(4):e2020024588.
  • 2010. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 59(RR-8):1-62. Erratum: 59, No. RR-8.
  • 2010. Update: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Regarding Use of CSL Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (Afluira) in the United States During 2010-11. MMWR. 59(31); 989-992.
  • 2021. Flu Vaccine Safety and Pregnancy https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/qa_vacpregnant.htm [Accessed 8/2021].
  • CDC 2020. Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm [Accessed 8/2021].
  • 2021, Key facts about seasonal influenza. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/keyfacts.htm [Accessed 8/2021].
  • 2021. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine [LAIV] (The Nasal Spray Flu Vaccine) https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/nasalspray.htm [Accessed 8/2021].
  • 2021. The Flu Season. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/flu-season.htm [Accessed 8/2021].
  • Conlin AMS, et al. 2018. A follow-up comparative safety analysis of pandemic H1N1 vaccination during pregnancy and risk of infant birth defects among U.S. military mothers. Vaccine 36(20):2855-2860.
  • Chambers CD, et al. 2013. Risks and safety of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in pregnancy: birth defects, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age infants. Vaccine 31(44):5026-5032.
  • Donahue JG, e al. 2019. Inactivated influenza vaccine and spontaneous abortion in the Vaccine Safety Datalink in 2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15. Vaccine 37(44):6673-6681.
  • Fabiani M, et al. 2015. A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccination: A retrospective evaluation of adverse maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women in Italy. Vaccine 33(19):2240-7.
  • Foo et al. 2020. Early Childhood Health Outcomes Following In Utero Exposure to Influenza Vaccines: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 146(2):e20200375.Getahun D, et al. 2019. Association between seasonal influenza vaccination with pre- and postnatal outcomes. Vaccine 37(13): 1785-1791.
  • Gunnes N, et al. 2020. Seasonal and pandemic influenza during pregnancy and risk of fetal death: A Norwegian registry-based cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 35(4):371-379.
  • Haberg S, et al. 2013. Risk of Fetal Death after Pandemic Influenza Virus Infection or Vaccination. N Engl J Med 368(4):333-340.
  • Hviid A, et al. 2017. Association between pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccination in pregnancy and early childhood morbidity in offspring. JAMA Pediatr171(3):239-248.
  • Irving SA, et al. 2013. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and spontaneous abortion. Obstet Gynecol121(1):159-165.
  • Kharbanda EO, et al. 2013. Inactivated influenza vaccine during pregnancy and risks for adverse obstetric events. Obstet Gynecol 122(3):659-667.
  • Kharbanda EO, et al. 2017. First Trimester Influenza Vaccination and Risks for Major Structural Birth Defects in Offspring. J Pediatr 187:234-239.e4.
  • Legge A, et al. 2014. Rates and determinants of seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnancy and association with neonatal outcomes. CMAJ 186(4):E157-E163.
  • Ludvigsson JF, et al. 2015. Maternal vaccination against H1N1 influenza and offspring mortality: population-based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ 351:h5585.
  • Ludvigsson JF, et al. 2020. Maternal Influenza A(H1N1) Immunization During Pregnancy and Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring : A Cohort Study. 173(8):597-604.
  • McHugh L, et al. 2017. Birth outcomes for Australian mother-infant pairs who received an influenza vaccine during pregnancy, 2012-2014: The FluMum study. Vaccine35(10):1403-1409.
  • Mehrabadi A, et al. 2021. Association of Maternal Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy With Early Childhood Health Outcomes. JAMA 8;325(22):2285-2293.
  • Moro PL, et al. 2011. Adverse events in pregnant women following administration of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2009. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(2):146.e1-146.e1467.
  • Munoz FM, et al. 2005: Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192(4):1098-1106.
  • Neuzil KM, et al. 1998. Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol148(11):1094-1102.
  • Nordin JD, et al. 2014. Maternal influenza vaccine and risks for preterm or small for gestational age birth. J Pediatr 164(5):1051-1057.e2.
  • Ohfuji S, et al. 2020. Safety of influenza vaccination on adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women: A prospective cohort study in Japan. Int J Infect Dis 93:68-76.
  • Pasternak B, et al. 2012 Risk of adverse fetal outcomes following administration of a pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine during pregnancy. JAMA 308(2):165-74.
  • Poehling KA, et al, New Vaccine Surveillance Network. 2011. Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(6 Suppl 1):S141-8.
  • Pool V, Iskander J. 2006 Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:1200; author reply 1201.
  • Sheffield J, et al. 2004. The efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(6 Suppl): S66.
  • Siston A, et al. 2010, Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA 303(15):1517-25.
  • Tamma et al. 2009. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 201(6):547-52.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019. Flu Vaccination & Addressing Concerns Pregnant Women Might Have about Flu Vaccine Safety. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/vaccination-possible-safety-signal.html [Accessed 7/2020].
  • Thompson MG, et al. 2018. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Influenza-associated Hospitalizations During Pregnancy: A Multi-country Retrospective Test Negative Design Study, 2010–2016. Clin Infect Dis 68(9): 1444–1453.
  • Zaman K, et al. 2008. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 359(15):1555-64.
  • Zerbo O, et al. 2017. Association between influenza infection and vaccination during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatr 171(1):e163609.