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X-rays

October 1, 2024

Selected References:

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Reaffirmed 2021. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 723. Obstet Gynecol; 130:e201-e216.
  • Brent RL. 2009. Saving lives and changing family histories: appropriate counseling of pregnant women and men and women of reproductive age, concerning the risk of diagnostic radiation exposures during and before pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 200(1):4-24.
  • Groen RS, et al. 2012. Fear of the unknown: ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 206:456-462.
  • Guilbaud L, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to ionizing radiations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol;232:18-21.
  • Health Physics Society. 2021. Radiation Exposure From Medical Exams and Procedures. Available at: https://hps.org/documents/Medical_Exposures_Fact_Sheet.pdf [Accessed 10/2024].
  • Kelaranta A, et al. 2016. Radiation exposure to foetus and breasts from dental X-ray examinations: effect of lead shields. Dentomaxillofac Radiol; 45(1):20150095.
  • Kumar R, De Jesus O. Radiation Effects On The Fetus. 2023. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
  • Lojo Lendoiro S, Moreno Sánchez T. 2022. Occupational radiation and pregnancy: reality or disinformation? A review of the literature and summary of current clinical guidelines. Radiologia (Engl Ed). 64(2):128-135.
  • Mainprize JG, et al. 2023. Effects of ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy. Abdom Radiol (NY); 48(5):1564-1578.
  • McKinney PA, et al. 2003. Parental occupation at periconception: findings from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study. Occup Environ Med; 60:901-909.
  • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 1979. Medical Radiation exposure of pregnant and potentially pregnant women. NCRP Report No. 54 32.
  • Ramač JP, et al. 2016. Safety of radiographic imaging in pregnancy. Acta Clinica Croatica (Tisak), 55(2), 247–253.
  • Schull WJ & Otake M. 1999. Cognitive function and prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation. Teratology; 59:222-226.
  • Skrzypek M, et al. 2019. Effect of ionizing radiation on the female reproductive system. Ann Agric Environ Med; 26(4):606-616.
  • Stlberg K, et al. 2007. Prenatal X-ray exposure and childhood brain tumors: a population-based case-controlled study on tumour subtypes. Br J Cancer. 97:1583-1587.
  • Tirada N, et al. 2015. Imaging pregnant and lactating patients. Radiographics 35(6):1751-1765.
  • United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2000. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly. Volume 1. https://www.unscear.org/docs/publications/2000/UNSCEAR_2000_Report_Vol.I.pdf
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Facts About Radiation from Airport Security Screening. https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-health/data-research/facts-stats/airport-security-screening.html. [Accessed 10/2024].
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2024. Radiation Terms and Units. https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-terms-and-units. [Accessed 10/2024].
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Radio Frequency Radiation and Cell Phones. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/radio-frequency-radiation-and-cell-phones. [Accessed 10/2024].
  • U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). 2020. What are the different types of radiation? https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/students/science-101/what-are-different-types-of-radiation.html. [Accessed 10/2024].
  • Wall BF, & Hart D. 1997. Revised radiation doses for typical X-ray examinations. Report on a recent review of doses to patients from medical X-ray examinations in the UK by NRPB. National Radiological Protection Board. British Journal of Radiology, 70(833), 437–439.
  • Yoon I, Slesinger TL. Radiation Exposure In Pregnancy. 2023. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.

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