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Metoprolol

Selected References:

  • Alembic Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2017. Metoprolol tartrate product labeling. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=24837d82-0f3f-4482-9af0-31e5f675c30f
  • Bateman BT, et al. 2016. Late pregnancy β blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics; 138(3). pii:e20160731.
  • Davis RL, et al. 2011. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 20(2):138-45.
  • Duan L, et al. 2017. b-Blocker exposure in pregnancy and risk of fetal cardiac anomalies. JAMA Intern Med. 177(6): 885-887.
  • Duan L, et al. 2018. Beta-blocker subtypes and risk of low birth weight in newborns. J Clin Hypertens 20(11):1603-1609.
  • Firoz T, et al. 2014. Community Level Interventions for Pre-Eclampsia (CLIP) Working Group. Oral antihypertensive therapy for severe hypertension in pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review. BJOG. 121(10):1210-8.
  • Kulas J et al. 1984. Atenolol and metoprolol. A comparison of their excretion into human breast milk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 118: 65-9.
  • Lindeberg S et al. 1984. Disposition of the adrenergic blocker metoprolol in the late-pregnant woman, the amniotic fluid, the cord blood and the neonate. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 118: 61-64.
  • Ruys TP, et al. 2014. Cardiac medication during pregnancy, data from the ROPAC. Int J Cardiol. 15. 177(1):124-8.
  • Sandstrom B, Regardh CG. 1980. Metoprolol excretion in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 9: 518-9.
  • Tamirisa KP, et al. 2022. Arrhythmias in Pregnancy. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 8(1):120-135.
  • Tanaka K, 2016. Beta-blockers and fetal growth restriction in pregnant women with cardiovascular disease. Circ J. 80(10):2221-6.
  • Welzel T, et al. 2021.Intrauterine Growth Retardation in Pregnant Women with Long QT Syndrome Treated with Beta-Receptor Blockers. Neonatology. 118(4):406-415.
  • Wichman K et al. 1984. A placebo controlled trial of metoprolol in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 169: 90-95.
  • Xie RH, et al. 2014. Beta-blockers increase the risk of being born small for gestational age or of being institutionalised during infancy. BJOG. 121(9):1090-6.
  • Yakoob MY, et al. 2013. The risk of congenital malformations associated with exposure to β-blockers in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 62(2):375-381.

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