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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Regular Strength Aspirin

Selected References:

  • Baldacci S, et al. 2024. Medication use during pregnancy and the risk of gastroschisis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 19(1):31.
  • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies. Retrieved June 6, 2025, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic
  • Choi E-Y, et al. 2023. Neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes and exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during early pregnancy in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med, 20(2):e1004183.
  • Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. Pediatrics, 108:776-789.
  • Czeizel AE, et al. 2000. A population-based case-control teratologic study of acetylsalicylic acid treatments during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 9:193-205.
  • Dawood MY. 1993. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 169(5):1255-1265.
  • Daniel S, et al. 2014. Fetal exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and spontaneous abortion. Can Med Assoc J 186(5):E177-E182.
  • Daniel S, et al. 2015. NSAIDs and spontaneous abortions – true effect or an indication bias? Br J Clin Pharmacol, 80(4):750-754.
  • Dathe K, et al. 2018. No evidence of adverse pregnancy outcome after exposure to ibuprofen in the first trimester—Evaluation of the national Embryotox cohort. Reproductive Toxicology, 79: 32-38.
  • Ericson A and Kallen BA. 2001. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in early pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol, 15:371-375.
  • Findlay JWA, et al. 1981. Analgesic drugs breast milk and plasma. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 29:625-33.
  • Hastie R, et al. 2021. Aspirin use during pregnancy and the risk of bleeding complications: a Swedish population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 224(1):95.e1-95.e12.
  • Hernandez RK, et al. 2012. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among women and the risk of birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 206(3):228.e1-8.
  • Jamali F, Keshavarz E. 1981. Salicylate in breast milk. Int J Pharm, 8:285-290.
  • Janssen NM and Genta MS. 2000. The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medication on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. Arch Intern Med, 160:610-619.
  • Killick S, Elstein M. 1987. Pharmacological production of luteinized unruptured follicles by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Fertil Steril, 47:773-777.
  • Kozer E, et al. 2002. Aspirin consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 187:1623-1630.
  • Levin DL, et al. 1978. Morphologic analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed in infants exposed in utero to prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. J Pediatr, 92:478-483.
  • Lewis RB, Schulman JD. 1973. Influence of acetylsalicylic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on the duration of human gestation and labor. Lancet, 2:1159-1163.
  • Li DK, et al. 2003. Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. BMJ, 327:368-370.
  • Martinez-Frias ML, et al. 1997. Prenatal exposure to salicylates and gastroschisis: a case-control study. Teratology, 56:241-243.
  • Nezvalova-Henriksen K et al. 2013. Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study. BJOG, 120(8):948-959.
  • Nielsen GL, et al. 2001. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ, 322(7281):266-270.
  • Nielsen GL, et al. 2004. Danish group reanalyses miscarriage in NSAID users. BMJ, 328(7431):109.
  • Norgard B, et al. 2005. Aspirin use during early pregnancy and the risk of congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 192:922-923.
  • Petersen TG, et al. 2018. Use of paracetamol, ibuprofen or aspirin in pregnancy and risk of cerebral palsy in the child. Int J Epidemiol, 47(1):121-130.
  • Rumack CM, et al. 1981. Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and maternal use of aspirin. Obstet Gynecol, 58(Suppl):52S-56S.
  • Slone D, et al. 1976. Aspirin and congenital malformations. Lancet, 1(7974):1373-1375.
  • The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN (ed). 1988. Drugs and Human Lactation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford. pp. 325-326.
  • Torfs CP, et al. 1996. Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology, 54:84-92.
  • Turner G, Collins E. 1975. Fetal effects of regular salicylate ingestion during pregnancy. Lancet, 2:338-339.
  • Tyler CP, et al. 2012. Brain damage in preterm newborns and maternal medication: the ELGAN study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 207:192e1-9.
  • Werler MM, et al. 1989. The relation of aspirin use during the first trimester of pregnancy to congenital cardiac defects. N Engl J Med, 321:1639-42.

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