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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Caffeine

Selected References:

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Moderate-Caffeine-Consumption-During-Pregnancy?IsMobileSet=false.  
  • American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). 2022. Optimizing natural fertility: A Committee Opinion. https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/optimizing-natural-fertility-a-committee-opinion-2021/ 
  • Bech BH, et al. 2005. Coffee and fetal death: a cohort study with prospective data. Am J Epidemiol, 162(10):983-990.  
  • Brown ML, et al. 2006. Maternal exposure to caffeine and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review. Epidemiology, 17(3):324-331.  
  • CaffeineInformer. 2019. Caffeine in Guarana. https://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-content/guarana. Accessed October 22, 2019.  
  • Chiaffarino F, et al. 2006 Coffee drinking and risk of preterm birth. Eur J Clin Nutr; 60:610–613.  
  • Christian M and Brent R. 2001.Teratogen update: Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine. Teratology, 64:51-78.  
  • Cnattingius S, et al. 2000. Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med, 343:1839-1845.  
  • Committee on Drugs, 2001. American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals in human milk. Pediatrics, 108(3):776-789.  
  • D’Urso S, et al. 2024. Mendelian randomization analysis of maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopmental difficulties in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Psychological medicine, 54(12):1–14. 
  • Eskenazi B. 1999. Caffeine—Filtering the facts. N Engl J Med, 341:1688-1689.  Hatch E and Bracken M. 1993. Association of delayed conception with caffeine consumption. Am J Epidemiol, 138:1082-1091.  Klebanoff M, et al. 1999. Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. New Engl J Med, 341:1639-1644.  
  • Klebanoff M and Keim SA. 2015. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and child cognition and behavior at 4 and 7 years of age. Am J Epidem, 182(12):1023-1032.  
  • Kobayashi S, et al. 2019. Dose‐dependent associations between prenatal caffeine consumption and small for gestational age, preterm birth, and reduced birthweight in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 33:185–194. 
  • Kukkonen A, et al. 2024. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small for gestational age baby: Kuopio Birth Cohort. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 310(1):359–368. 
  • Larroque B, et al. 1993. Effects on birthweight of alcohol and caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol, 137:941-950.  
  • Lyngsø J, et al. 2017. Association between coffee or caffeine consumption and fecundity and fertility: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol, 9:699-719.  
  • Maslova E, et al. 2010. Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 92:1120–1132.  
  • Matijasevich A, et al. 2006. Maternal caffeine consumption and fetal death: a case-control study if Uruguay. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 20(2):100-109.  
  • Mills JL, et al. 1993. Moderate caffeine use and the risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth. JAMA, 269:593-597.  
  • Okubo H, et al. 2015. Maternal total caffeine intake, mainly from Japanese and Chinese tea, during pregnancy was associated with risk of preterm birth: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Nutr Res, 35:309–316. 
  • Ricci E, et al. 2017. Coffee and caffeine intake and male infertility: a systematic review. Nutr J, 16(1)37.  
  • Saimaiti A, et al. 2023. Dietary sources, health benefits, and risks of caffeine. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 63(29):9648-9666.  
  • Ruderman RS, et al. 2025. Periconceptual Caffeine Intake and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Results From the nuMoM2b Cohort. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 10.1111/1471-0528.70018. 
  • Savitz DA, et al. 2008. Caffeine and miscarriage risk. Epidemiology, 19(1):55-62.  Schellhas L, et al. 2023. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and offspring cord blood DNA methylation: an epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis. Epigenomics, 15(22):1179-1193.
  • Shu XO, et al. 1995. Maternal smoking, alcohol drinking, caffeine consumption and fetal growth: Results from a prospective study. Epidemiology, 6:115-120.  
  • Weng, X, et al. 2008. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 279:e1-e8.  
  • Zhang H, et al. 2024. Association between tea, coffee and caffeine consumption and risk of female infertility: a cross-sectional study. Reproductive biology and endocrinology: RB&E, 22(1):91. 

 

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