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Carbamazepine

Selected References:

  • Adams J, et al. 2022. Neuropsychological effects in children exposed to anticonvulsant monotherapy during gestation: Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. Epilepsy Behav. 127:108533.
  • Antonucci R, et al. 2018. Maternal carbamazepine therapy and unusual adverse effects in a breastfed infant. Breastfeed Med 13(2):155-157.
  • Baker GA, et al. 2015. IQ at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs: a controlled cohort study. Neurology 84(4):382-390.
  • Battino D, et al. 2024. Risk of major congenital malformations and exposure to antiseizure medication monotherapy. JAMA Neurol. 1;81(5):481-489.
  • Bech BH, et al. 2014. Use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth: population based cohort study. BMJ 349:g5159.
  • Birnbaum AK, et al. 2020. Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy. JAMA Neurol 77(4):441-450.
  • Bjork M-H, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with risk of autism and intellectual disability. JAMA Neurol. 79(7):672-681.
  • Blotiere PO, et al. 2020. Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 7;10(6):e034829.
  • Bromley RL, et al. 2013. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84(6):637-643.
  • Bromley R, et al. 2023. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 29;8(8):CD010224.
  • Campbell E, et al. 2014. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drug monotherapies in pregnancy: updated results from the UK and Ireland Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Sep;85(9):1029-1034.
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  • Daugaard CA, et al. 2020. Association of prenatal exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs with intellectual disability and delayed childhood milestones. JAMA Netw Open 3(11):e2025570.
  • Cohen JM, et al. 2023. Comparative safety of antiseizure medication monotherapy for major malformations. Ann Neurol. 93(3):551-562.
  • Cummings C, et al. 2011. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Arch Dis Child. 96(7):643-647.
  • Davanzo R, et al. 2013. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 39:50-61.
  • Deshmukh U, et al. 2016. Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 54:5-14.
  • Fried S, et al. 2004. Malformation rates in children of women with untreated epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf 27(3):197-202.
  • Gaily E, et al. 2004. Normal intelligence in children with prenatal exposure to carbamazepine. Neurology 62:28-32.
  • Gladstone DJ, et al. 1992. Course of pregnancy and fetal outcome following maternal exposure to carbamazepine and phenytoin: a prospective study. Reprod Toxicol 6:257-261.
  • Harden CL. 2008. Antiepileptic drug teratogenesis: what are the risks for congenital malformations and adverse cognitive outcomes? Int Rev Neurobiol 83:205-213.
  • Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2000. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 343(22):1608-1614.
  • Holmes LB, et al. 2024. Facial dysmorphology in children exposed in pregnancy to anticonvulsant medications correlates with deficits in IQ. Am J Med Genet. 2024;194A:e63511.
  • Huber-Mollema Y, et al. 2020. Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, or valproate exposure. J Neurol. 267(6):1724-1736.
  • Husebye E, et al. 2020. Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero – the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. European Journal of Neurology 27.3:667-675.
  • Jones KL, et al. 1989. Patterns of malformations in the children treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 320(25):1661-1666.
  • Kacirova I, et al. 2021. Therapeutic monitoring of carbamazepine and its active metabolite during the 1st postnatal month: Influence of drug interactions. Biomed Pharmacother 137:111412.
  • Kacirova I, et al. 2022. Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide concentrations in mothers, colostrum, and breastfed newborns: Comparison with concentrations determined during delivery and in the mature milk period. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 151:113176.
  • Kallen AJB. 1994. Maternal carbamazepine and infant spina bifida. Reprod Toxicol 8(3):203-205.
  • Kaplan YC, et al. 2021. Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital carbamazepine, levetiracetam lamotrigine and valproate in pregnancy and breastfeeding: risk of major malformations, dose-dependency, monotherapy vs polytherapy, pharmacokinetics and clinical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol 19(11):1805-1824.
  • Leite ML, et al. 2024. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes, antiseizure medication profile, and seizure types in pregnant women in a vulnerability state from Brazil. PLoS One. 1;19(4):e0291190.
  • Meador KJ, et al. 2009. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 360(16):1597-1605.
  • Margulis A, et al. 2019. Relation of in-utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs to pregnancy during and size at birth. PLoS One. 5;14(8):e0214180.
  • Mazzone PP, et al. 2023. Comparison of perinatal outcomes for women with and without epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 1;80(5):484-494.
  • Meador KJ, et al. 2014. Breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs cognitive outcomes at age 6 years. JAMA Pediatr 168(8):729-736.
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  • (n.d.). Tegretol – Food and Drug Administration. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/016608s115_018281_s058_018927s055_020234_s047.pdf Accessed September 2024.
  • Nulman I, et al. 1997. Findings in children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: independent effects of epilepsy and medications. Am J Med Genet 68:18-24.
  • O’Brien MD and Gilmour-White SK. 2005. Management of epilepsy in women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Postgrad Med J 81(955):278-285.
  • Ornoy A and Cohen E. 1996. Outcome of children born to epileptic mothers treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Arc Dis Child 75:517-520
  • Patel N, et al. 2018. Mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants, spina bifida, and folate supplementation: commentary. J Clin Psychopharmacol 38(1):7-10.
  • Rosa FW. 1991. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 324(10)674-677.
  • Samren EB, et al. 1999. Antiepileptic drug regimens and major congenital abnormalities in the offspring. Ann Neurol 46(5):739-746.
  • Scolnik D, et al. 1994. Neurodevelopment if children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy. JAMA 271(10):767-770.
  • Tomson T and Barrino D. 2008. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 17(2):166-171.
  • Tomson T and Klein P. 2015. Fine-tuning risk assessment with antiepileptic drug use in pregnancy. Neurology. 84(4):339-340.
  • Tomson T, et al. 2015. Antiepileptic drugs and intrauterine death: A prospective observational study from EURAP. Neurology Aug 18;85(7):580-588.
  • Tomson T, et al. 2018. Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. Lancet Neurol 17(6):530-538.
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  • Weston J, et al. 2016. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.11:Cd010224.
  • Wide K, et al. 2000. Psychomotor development and minor anomalies in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero: A prospective population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 42:87-92.
  • Wiggs K, et al. 2020. Anti-seizure medication use during pregnancy and risk of ASD and ADHD in children. Neurology. 95(24):e3232-e3240.

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