MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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Codeine

Selected References

  • Bracken MB. 1986. Drug use in pregnancy and congenital heart disease in offspring. N Engl J Med. 314(17):1120.
  • Bracken MB, Holford TR. 1981. Exposure to prescribed drugs in pregnancy and association with congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol. 58(3):336-344.
  • Broussard CS, et al. 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 204(4):314.e1-11.
  • Fältmarch S, et al. 2019. Use of opioids during pregnancy and effects of pregnancy outcomes. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 28: 1239– 1245.
  • Fishman B, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: A cohort study. PLOS ONE 14(7): e0219061.
  • Ito S. 2018. Opioids in Breast Milk: Pharmacokinetic Principles and Clinical Implications. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58: S151-S163.
  • Juurlink DN, et al. 2012. Postpartum maternal codeine therapy and the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Clinical Toxicol. 50:5.
  • Kallen B & Reis M. 2015. Use of tramadol in early pregnancy and congenital malformation risk. Reprod Toxicol. 58:246-251.
  • Kelly LE, et al. 2013. A clinical tool for reducing central nervous system depression among neonates exposed to codeine through breast milk. PLoS ONE. 8(7):370073.
  • Khan K & Chang J. 1997. Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to codeine. Arch Dis Child. 76:F59-F60.
  • Mangurten HH. 1980. Neonatal codeine withdrawal in infants of non-addicted mothers. Pediatrics. 65:159-160.
  • Nair V, et al. 2012. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome due to maternal codeine use. Paediatr Child Health. 17(5):e40-e41.
  • Nezvalová-Henriksen K, et al. 2011. Effects of codeine on pregnancy outcomes from a large population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 67:1253-1261.
  • Rothman KJ, et al. 1979. Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 109(4):433-439.
  • Saxén I. 1975. Associations between oral clefts and drugs taken during pregnancy. Int J Epidemiol. 4(1):37-44.
  • Shaw GM, et al. 1992. Congenital cardiac anomalies relative to selected maternal exposures and conditions during early pregnancy. Eur J Epidemiol. 8(5):757-760.
  • Shaw GM, et al. 1998. Maternal illness, including fever and medication use as risk factors for neural tube defects. Teratology. 57(1):1-7.
  • S. Food and Drug Administration. 2017. Use of codeine and tramadol products in breastfeeding women – questions and answers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm118113.htm. Accessed November 27, 2017.