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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine (Adderall®)

Selected References:

  • Anderson KN, et al. 2020. ADHD medication use during pregnancy and risk for selected birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1998-2011. J Atten Dis. 24(3):479-489 
  • Bang Madsen K, et al. 2025. In utero exposure to methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders – a population-based cohort study and meta-analysis. Molecular psychiatry, 30(9), 3885–3894. 
  • Benassayag Kaduri, N, et al. 2024. Amphetamine use for attention deficit hyperactive disorder during breastfeeding and children’s neurodevelopmental outcomes: A pilot study. Psychiatry research, 339, 116047.  
  • Cohen JM, et al. 2017. Placental complications associated with psychostimulant use in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 130(6):1192-201.  
  • Eriksson M, et al. 1981. Amphetamine addiction and pregnancy II. Pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period. Socio-medical aspects. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 60:253-259.  
  • Food and Drug Administration. 2017. Adderall® CII. 2017. Accessed from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/011522s043lbl.pdf. 
  • Food and Drug Administration. 2013. Highlights of Prescribing Information – Adderall XR. Accessed from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf.   
  • Garey JD, et al. 2020. Teratogen update: Amphetamines. Birth Defects Res. 112(15):1171-1182. 
  • Hasan SA, et al. 2026. Prescription Stimulant Continuation in Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes. Journal of attention disorders, 30(3), 315–328. 
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2018. Association Between Methylphenidate and Amphetamine Use in Pregnancy and Risk of Congenital Malformations: A Cohort Study From the International Pregnancy Safety Study Consortium. JAMA Psychiatry. 75(2):167-175. 
  • Ilett KF, et al. 2007. Transfer of dexamphetamine into breast milk during treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 63(3):371-375. 
  • Newport DJ, et al. 2016. Prenatal psychostimulant and antidepressant exposure and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry. 77(11):1538-45.  
  • Norby U, et al. 2017. Perinatal outcomes after treatment with ADHD medication during pregnancy. Pediatrics 140(6).  
  • Öhman I, et al. 2015. Narcolepsy treated with racemic amphetamine during pregnancy and breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 31:374-6. 
  • Pham MN, et al. 2022. The adverse association between stimulant use for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and semen parameters. Andrologia, 54(2), e14315. 
  • Poulton AS, et al. 2018. Perinatal outcomes of women diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An Australian population-based cohort study. CNS Drugs 32(4):377-386. 
  • Rose SJ, et al. 2020. Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine and pregnancy: neonatal outcomes after prenatal prescription mixed amphetamine exposure. J Attention Dis. 25(9): 1295-1301.Steiner E et al. 1984. Amphetamine secretion in breast milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 27:123-4.  
  • Russell DJ, et al. 2024. Investigating maternal and neonatal health outcomes associated with continuing or ceasing dexamphetamine treatment for women with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. Archives of women’s mental health. 27(5), 785–94. 
  • Srinivas C, et al. 2025. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Use in Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Birth: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 10.1111/ppe.70031. 
  • Suarez EA, et al. 2024. Prescription Stimulant Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children. JAMA psychiatry, 81(5), 477–488. 
  • Szpunar MJ, et al. 2023. Risk of Major Malformations in Infants After First-Trimester Exposure to Stimulants: Results From the Massachusetts General Hospital National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 43(4), 326–332. 

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