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Hair Treatments

Selected References:

  • Blackmore-Prince C, et al 1999. Chemical hair treatments and adverse pregnancy outcome among Black women in central North Carolina. Am J Epidemiol 149:712-716.
  • Borowska S, et al. 2015. Metals in cosmetics: implications for human health. J Appl Toxicol. 35: 551–572
  • Burnett C, et al. 1976. Teratology and percutaneous toxicity studies on hair dyes. J Toxicol Environ Health 1:1027-1040.
  • DiNardo JC, et al. 1985. Teratological assessment of five oxidative hair dyes in the rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 78:163-166.
  • Gallicchio L, et al. 2010. Health outcomes of children born to cosmetologists compared to children of women in other occupations. Reprod Toxicol 29:361-365.
  • Ghazarian AA. et al. 2018. Maternal use of personal care products during pregnancy and risk of testicular germ cell tumors in sons. Environ Res. 164:109-113.
  • Guerra-Tapia A, et al. 2014 Hair Cosmetics: Dyes. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 105(9):833-839.
  • Goebel C, et al. 2012. Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitisation: Consideration of a simplified approach for hair dye ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 64 :459–465.
  • Haraux E, et al. 2016. Maternal exposure to domestic hair cosmetics and occupational endocrine disruptors is associated with a higher risk of hypospadias in offspring. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(1).
  • Herdt-Losavio ML et al. 2009. The risk of congenital malformations and other neonatal and maternal health outcomes among licensed cosmetologists. Am J Perinatol 26:625-631.
  • Henrotin JB, et al. 2015. Reproductive disorders in hairdressers and cosmetologists: a meta-analytical approach. J Occup Health. 57: 485-496.
  • Inouye M. and Murakami U. 1976. Teratogenicity of 2,5-diaminotoluene, a hair dye component, in mice. Teratology 14:241-242.
  • John EM, et al. 1994. Spontaneous abortions among cosmetologists. Epidemiol 5:147-155.
  • Kersemaekers WM, et al. 1996. Reproductive disorders among hairdressers. Epidemiol 8:396-401.
  • Ki-Hyun K, et al. 2016. The use of personal hair dye and its implications for human health. Environ Int. 89–90:222–227.
  • Kim D. et al. 2016. Reproductive disorders among cosmetologists and hairdressers: a meta-analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 89(5):739-53.
  • Kojima R, et al. 2021. Association between gestational hair dye use and allergies at 3 years old: the Japan environment and Children’s study. Environ Res. 201:111530.
  • Maibach HI, et al. 1975. Percutaneous penetration following use of hair dyes. Arch Dermatol 111:1444-1445.
  • Marks TA, et al. 1979. Teratogenicity of 4-nitro-1,2-diainobenzene (4NDB) and 2-nitro-1,4-diaminobenzene (2NDB) in the mouse. Teratology 19:37A-38A.
  • Marks TA, et al. 1981. Teratogenic evaluation of 2-nitro-p-phenylendiamine, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, and 2,5-toluenediamine sulfate in the mouse. Teratology 24:253-265.
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. Hair Smoothing Products That Could Release Formaldehyde. Hazard Alert Update. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/hazard_alert.pdf [Accessed 2022].
  • Peretz J, et al. 2009. Infertility among cosmetologists. Reprod Toxicol. 28(3):359-64.
  • Quach T, et al. 2015. Adverse birth outcomes and maternal complications in licensed cosmetologists and manicurists in California. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 88:823-833.
  • Quiros-Alcala L. et al. 2019. Occupational Exposures Among Hair and Nail Salon Workers: a Scoping Review. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2019 Dec;6(4):269-285.
  • Rylander L, et al. 2002. Reproductive outcome among female hairdressers. Occup Environ Med 59:517-522.
  • Siegel MR. et al. 2022. Maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser during pregnancy and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Occup Environ Med. 79(1):17-23.
  • Shishavan MK, et al. 2021. The Association of Hair Coloring During Pregnancy with Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: A Cross-sectional Study. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences Vol. 9, No. 2, 130–135
  • S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. Hair Smoothing Products That Release Formaldehyde When Heated. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/hair-smoothing-products-release-formaldehyde-when-heated. [Accessed 2022].
  • S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. Cosmetics & Pregnancy. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/resources-consumers-cosmetics/cosmetics-pregnancy. [Accessed 2022]
  • S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. Hair Products https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Products/ucm127988.htm. [Accessed 2022]
  • Zanonia, TB, et al. 2014. Basic Red 51, a permitted semi-permanent hair dye, is cytotoxic tohuman skin cells: Studies in monolayer and 3D skin model using human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Toxicol Lett. 5;227(2):139-49.
  • Zhu JL et al. 2006. Pregnancy outcomes among female hairdressers who participated in the Danish National Birth Cohort. ScandJ Work Environ Health 32(1):61-66.
  • Zota AR, et al. 2017. The environmental injustice of beauty: framing chemical exposures from beauty products as a health disparities concern. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 217(4):418-422.