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MotherToBaby

Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Labetalol

Selected References:

  • Alhazmi AM, Albulushi A. 2025. Targeted antihypertensive therapy after hypertensive pregnancy: Lactation-safe choices, treatment thresholds, and outcomes (2015-2025). Curr Probl Cardiol. 50(12):103191. 
  • Bateman BT, et al. 2016. Late pregnancy β Blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics. 138(3):e20160731. 
  • Beau A-B, et al. 2014. Safety of oseltamivir during pregnancy: a comparative study using the EFEMERIS database. BJOG. 121(7):895-900.  
  • Berger AA, et al. 2025. Peripartum antihypertensive use and the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia and postpartum uterine atony: a retrospective cohort study. Pregnancy Hypertens. 41:101232. 
  • Caton AR, et al. 2009.  Antihypertensive medication use during pregnancy and the risk of cardiovascular malformations. Hypertension. 54(1):63-70. 
  • Chan WS, et al. 2010. Neurocognitive development of children following in-utero exposure to labetalol for maternal hypertension: a cohort study using a prospectively collected database. Hypertens Pregnancy. 29(3):271-83.  
  • Clark SM, et al. 2015. A review of oral labetalol and nifedipine in mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy. Seminars in perinatology. 39(7):548–555. 
  • Crooks B, et al. 1998. Adverse neonatal effects of maternal labetalol treatment. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. 79(2):F150–F151. 
  • Davis RL, et al. 2011. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 20(2):138-45.  
  • Duan L, et al. 2017. β-Blocker exposure in pregnancy and risk of fetal cardiac anomalies. JAMA Internal Medicine. 177(6):885–887. 
  • Firoz T, et al. 2014. Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working Group. Oral antihypertensive therapy for severe hypertension in pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review. BJOG. 121(10):1210-8. 
  • Freppel R, et al. 2024. Beta-blockers and breastfeeding: a real-life prospective study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 80(12):1937–1943. 
  • Lam MTC, Dierking E. 2017. Intensive care unit issues in eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 7:136–141 
  • Magee LA, et al. 2022. The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy hypertension. 27:148-169. 
  • Magee LA, et al. 2015. Labetalol for hypertension in pregnancy. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 14(3):453–461. 
  • Magnus MC, et al. 2021. Risk of miscarriage in women with chronic diseases in Norway: A registry linkage study. PLoS Med. 18(5):e1003603. 
  • Nunez-Pellot C, et al. 2025. Lactation safety of cardiovascular medications. Am Heart J Plus. 55:100552. 
  • O’Meara J, White WB. 1988. Ejaculatory failure and urinary dysfunction secondary to labetalol. J Urol. 139:371-2.  
  • Pasker-de Jong PC, et al. 2010. Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy and functional development at primary school age in a historical cohort study. BJOG. 117(9):1080-6. 
  • Ramlakhan KP, et al; ROPAC Investigators. 2024. Perinatal outcomes after in-utero exposure to beta-blockers in women with heart disease: Data from the ESC EORP registry of pregnancy and cardiac disease (ROPAC). Int J Cardiol. 410:132234. 
  • Reddy S, Jim B. 2019. Hypertension and pregnancy: Management and future risks. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 26(2):137–145.  
  • Ruys TP, et al. 2014. Cardiac medication during pregnancy, data from the ROPAC. Int J Cardiol. 177(1):124-8.  
  • Tanaka K, et al. 2016. Beta-blockers and fetal growth restriction in pregnant women with cardiovascular disease. Circ J. 80(10):2221-6. 
  • U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (Revised 4/2024). Labetalol hydrochloride drug label. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/018716s036lbl.pdf. [Accessed 1/2026]. 
  • Van Zutphen AR, et al.  2014. Maternal hypertension, medication use, and hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.  Obstet Gynecol. 123:309-317. 
  • Xie RH, et al. 2014. Association between labetalol use for hypertension in pregnancy and adverse infant outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 175:124-8. 
  • Xie RH, et al. 2014. Beta-blockers increase the risk of being born small for gestational age or of being institutionalized during infancy. BJOG. 121(9):1090-6. 
  • Yakoob MY, et al.  2013. The risk of congenital malformations associated with exposure to β-blockers early in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Hypertension. 62(2):375–381. 
  • Yang X, et al. 2019. Distinct outcomes of labetalol exposed infants: case reports and systematic review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 1–7. 

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