Lead

Selected References:

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• Bloom MS, Kim K, et al. 2012(b). Associations between toxic metals in follicular fluid and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Assist Reprod Genet, 29(12):1369-1379.
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• Bloom MS. Parsons PJ, et al. 2011(b). Toxic trace metals and embryo quality indicators during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Reprod Toxicol, 31(2):167-170.
• Borja-Aburto, VH. 1999. Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol, 150(6):590-597.
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• Butts CD, et al. 2021. Toxic elements in follicular fluid adversely influence the likelihood of pregnancy and live birth in women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod Open, 2021(3):hoab023.
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• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. CDC’s Blood Lead Reference Value. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/about/index.html and https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/hcp/clinical-guidance/index.html. [Accessed November 2024].
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Guidelines for the Identification and Management of Lead Exposure in Pregnant and Lactating Women. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/docs/publications/leadandpregnancy2010.pdf [Accessed 1/2020].
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Lead and Breastfeeding. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/exposures/lead.html/ [Accessed 2024].
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• Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD. 1988. Lead and cadmium levels in commercial infant foods and dietary intake by infants 0-1 year old. Food Addit Contam, 5333-342.
• DeVille, NV, et al. 2021. Prenatal environmental exposures and associations with teen births. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 31(2):197-201.Dietrich K, et al. 1993. The developmental consequences of low to moderate prenatal and postnatal lead exposure: intellectual attainment in the Cincinnati lead study cohort following school entry. Neurotoxicol Teratology, 15:37-44.
• Disha S, et al. 2019. Association of raised blood lead levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia: A study at tertiary centre. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 58(1):60-63.
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• Ernhart, CB, et al. 1986. Intrauterine exposure to low levels of lead: the status of the neonate. Archives Environ Health, 41:287-291.
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• National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)/US Centers for Disease Control. 2010. Guidelines for the Identification and Management of Lead Exposure in Pregnant and Lactating Women. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/leadandpregnancy2010.pdf
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Other Resources:

• MotherToBaby Baby Blog: “Natural Remedies, Fertility and Lead: An All Too Common Mix”. Available at: https://mothertobaby.org/baby-blog/natural-remedies-fertility-and-lead-an-all-too-common-mix/.
• MotherToBaby Baby Blog: “When You Don’t Feel Sick: How Lead Poisoning Can Sneak Up on Moms and Kids”. Available at: https://mothertobaby.org/baby-blog/when-you-dont-feel-sick-how-lead-poisoning-can-sneak-up-on-moms-and-kids/
• MotherToBaby Podcast, Episode 39: Lead Exposure during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Available at: https://mothertobaby.org/podcast/ep-39-lead-exposure-during-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding/.
• MotherToBaby webpage on Lead Resources: https://mothertobaby.org/pregnancy-breastfeeding-exposures/lead/
• New York State Department of Public Health: Lead Information for Pregnant Women: https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/pregnant_women.htm https://health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/pregnant.htm [Accessed 11/2024].