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Methimazole

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  • Alexander EK, et al. 2017. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid: official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 27(3):315–389.
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  • Andersen SL, Andersen S. 2020. Antithyroid drugs and birth defects. Thyroid Res, 13:11.
  • Arata N, et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcomes of exposure to methimazole (POEM) study: an interim report. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 70(11):1976-1982.
  • Awosika AO, et al. 2023. Methimazole. StatPearls [Internet], Treasure Island (FL), available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545223/
  • Azizi F. 2003. Thyroid function in breast-fed infants is not affected by methimazole-induced maternal hypothyroidism: results of a retrospective study. J Endocrinol Invest, 26:301-304.
  • Baid SK, Merke DP. 2007. Aplasia cutis congenita following in utero methimazole exposure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 20:585-586.
  • Barbero P, et al. 2008. Choanal atresia associated with maternal hyperthyroidism treated with methimazole: a case-control study. Am J Med Genet, 146A(18):2390-2395.
  • Cassina M, et al. 2012. Pharmacologic treatment of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 94(8):612-619.
  • Chan GW, Mandel SJ. 2007. Therapy insight: management of Graves’ disease during pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab; 3(6):470-8.
  • Chen CH, et al. 2011. Risk of adverse perinatal outcomes with antithyroid treatment during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based study. BJOG, 118:1365-1373.
  • Clementi M, et al. 1999. Methimazole embryopathy: delineation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet, 83:43-46.
  • Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. Pediatrics, 108:776-789.
  • Cooper DS. 1987. Antithyroid drugs: to breast-feed or not to breast-feed. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 157:234-235.
  • Diav-Citrin O, Ornoy A. 2002. Teratogen update: antithyroid drugs-methimazole, carbimazole, and propylthiouracil. Teratology, 65:38-44.
  • Di Gianantonio E, et al. 2001. Adverse effects of prenatal methimazole exposure. Teratology, 64(5):262–266.
  • Dumi M, et al. 2002. Choanal stenosis, hypothelia, deafness, recurrent dacryocystitis, neck fistulas, short stature, and microcephaly: report of a case. Am J Med Genet, 113:295-297.
  • Dumitrascu MC, et al. 2021. Hyperthyroidism management during pregnancy and lactation (Review). Exp Ther Med, 22(3):960.
  • Eisenstein Z, et al. 1992. Intellectual capacity of subjects exposed to methimazole or propylthiouracil in utero. Eur J Pediatr, 151:558-559.
  • Ferraris S, et al. 2003. Malformations following methimazole exposure in utero: an open issue. Birth Defects Res (Part A), 67:989-992.
  • Francis T, et al. 2020. Safety of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy: update and therapy implications. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 19(5):565-576.
  • Gianetti E, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest, 38(9):977-985.
  • Greenberg F. 1987. Brief clinical report: Choanal atresia and athelia: Methimazole teratogenicity or a new syndrome? Am J Med Genet, 28:931-934.
  • Gripp KW, et al. 2011. Grade 1 microtia, wide anterior fontanel and novel type trachea-esophageal fistula in methimazole embryopathy. Am J Med Genet A, 155A(3):526-533.
  • Howley MM, et al. 2017. Thyroid medication use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res, 109(18):1471-1481.
  • Hudzik B, Zubelewicz-Szkodzinska B. 2016. Antithyroid drugs during breastfeeding. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 85(6):827-830.
  • Johnsson E, et al. 1997. Severe malformations in infant born to hyperthyroid woman on methimazole. Lancet, 350:1520.
  • Karlsson FA, et al. 2002. Severe embryopathy and exposure to methimazole in early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(2):947-949.
  • Korelitz JJ, et al. 2013. Prevalence of thyrotoxicosis, antithyroid medication use, and complications among pregnant women in the United States. Thyroid, 23:758-765.
  • Martin-Denavit T, et al. 2000. Ectodermal abnormalities associated with methimazole intrauterine exposure [letter]. Am J Med Genet, 94:338-340.
  • Methimazole tablets, USP Prescribing Information. Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. Spring Valley, NY 10977. Accessed May 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/040350s016lbl.pdf
  • Mitsuda N, et al. 1992. Risk factors for developmental disorders in infants born to women with Graves disease. Obstet Gynecol; 80(3 Pt 1):359-64.
  • Momotani M, et al. 1984. Maternal hyperthyroidism and congenital malformation in the offspring. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford), 20:695-700.
  • Purnamasari D, et al. 2019. Gastroschisis Following Treatment with High-Dose Methimazole in Pregnancy: A Case Report. Drug Saf Case Rep, 6(1):5.
  • Radetti G, et al. 2002. Foetal and neonatal thyroid disorders. Minerva Pediatr; 54(5):383-400.
  • Rasmussen SA, et al. 2007. Maternal thyroid disease as a risk factor for craniosynostosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, 110(2 Pt 1):369–377.
  • Romeo AF, Obican SG. 2020. Teratogen Update: Antithyroid Medications. Birth Defects Res, 112(15):1150-1170.
  • Sargent KA, et al. 1994. Apparent scalp-ear-nipple (Findlay) syndrome in a neonate exposed to methimazole in-utero. Am J Hum Genet, 55:A312.
  • Sato Y, et al. 2014. A case of fetal hyperthyroidism treated with maternal administration of methimazole. J Perinatol, 34(12):945-347.
  • Seo GH, et al. 2018. Antithyroid drugs and congenital malformations. A nationwide Korean cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 168(6):405-413.
  • Seoud M, et al. 2003. Gastrointestinal malformations in two infants born to women with hyperthyroidism untreated in the first trimester. Am J Perinatol, 20:59-62.
  • Shepard TH, et al. 2002. Update on new developments in the study of human teratogens. Teratology, 65(4):153–161.
  • Stagnaro-Green A, et al. 2011. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid, 21:1081-1125.
  • Tegler L, Lindstrom B. 1980. Antithyroid drugs in milk. Lancet, 2:591.
  • The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN (ed). 1988. Drugs and Human Lactation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, pp. 196-197.
  • Tonacchera M, et al. 2020. Treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with thionamides: a position paper on indications and safety in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest, 43(2):257-265.
  • Wilson LC, et al. 1998. Choanal atresia and hypothelia following methimazole exposure in utero: a second report. Am J Med Genet, 75:220-222.

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