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Nitrofurantoin

Selected References:

  • Ailes EC, et al, & The National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2016. Association between antibiotic use among pregnant women with urinary tract infections in the first trimester and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997 to 2011. Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 106(11):940–949.
  • Ansaldi Y, et al. 2023. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 29(10):1249–1253.
  • Ben David S, et al. 1995. The safety of nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy: meta-analysis. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 9(5):503–507.
  • Bookstaver PB, et al. 2015. A Review of Antibiotic Use In Pregnancy. Pharmacotherapy, 35(11):1052-1062.
  • Bruel H, et al. 2000. Anémie hémolytique chez un nouveau-né après prise maternelle de nitrofurantoïne en fin de grossesse [Hemolytic anemia in a newborn after maternal treatment with nitrofurantoin at the end of pregnancy]. Archives de pediatrie: organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 7(7):745–747.
  • Chang E, et al. 2005. Urinary Tract Infections are Associated with an Increased Risk of Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 193(6):S71.
  • Christensen B. 2000. Which antibiotics are appropriate for treating bacteriuria in pregnancy? The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 46 Suppl A:29–34.
  • Crider KS, et al. 2009. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 163(11):978–985.
  • Czeizel AE, et al. 2001. Nitrofurantoin and congenital abnormalities. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 95(1):119–126.
  • Damkier P, et al. 2019. In utero exposure to antibiotics and risk of congenital malformations: a population-based study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 221(6):648.e1–648.e15.
  • de Jonge L, et al. 2013. Identifying associations between maternal medication use and birth defects using a case-population approach: an exploratory study on signal detection. Drug safety, 36(11):1069–1078.
  • Gardner JS, et al. 1998. Maternal exposure to prescription and non-prescription pharmaceuticals or drugs of abuse and risk of craniosynostosis. International journal of epidemiology, 27(1):64–67.
  • Goldberg O, et al. 2013. Exposure to nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk for major malformations. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 53(9):991–995.
  • Goldberg O, et al. 2015. Exposure to nitrofurantoin during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOGC, 37(2):150–156.
  • Hailey FJ, et al. 1983. Foetal safety of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals therapy during pregnancy: a retrospective analysis. The Journal of international medical research, 11(6):364–369.
  • Källén B & Otterblad Olausson P. 2003. Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 17(3):255–261.
  • Källén B & Robert-Gnansia E. 2005. Maternal drug use, fertility problems, and infant craniostenosis. The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal: official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 42(6):589–593.
  • Kass EH. 1960. Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis of pregnancy. Arch Intern Med, 105:42-46.
  • Lenke RR, et al. 1983. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a prospective randomized trial to prevent recurrent disease evaluating suppressive therapy with nitrofurantoin and close surveillance. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 146(8):953–957.
  • Lind JN. 2012. Maternal Medication Use and Risk of Hypospadias – An Exposure Spectrum Approach. Georgia State University, thesis.
  • Lumbiganon P, et al. & World Health Organization Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Trial Group. 2009. One-day compared with 7-day nitrofurantoin for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and gynecology, 113(2 Pt 1):339–345.
  • Macrobid® (Nitrofurantoin Capsules, USP). Package insert. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/020064Orig1s029lbl.pdf.
  • McGrady GA, et al. 1985. Maternal urinary tract infection and adverse fetal outcomes. Am J Epidemiol, 121(3):377-381.
  • Miller JE, et al. 2013. Maternal Use of Antibiotics and the Risk of Childhood Febrile Seizures: A Danish Population-Based Cohort. PloS one, 8(4):e61148.
  • Nelson WO & Bunge RG. 1957. The effect of therapeutic dosages of nitrofurantoin (furadantin) upon spermatogenesis in man. The Journal of urology, 77(2):275–281.
  • Patel J, et al. & National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2023. Fever and antibiotic use in maternal urinary tract infections during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth defects research, 10.1002/bdr2.2281. Advance online publication.
  • Philpot J, et al. 1995. Congenital symmetrical weakness of the upper limbs resembling brachial plexus palsy: a possible sequel of drug toxicity in first trimester of pregnancy? NMD, 5(1):67–69.
  • Puhó EH, et al. 2007. Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary. The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal: official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 44(2):194–202.
  • The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG). 2023. Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Individuals. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 142(2):435-445.
  • Zao J, et al. 2014. Using nitrofurantoin while breastfeeding a newborn. Canadian family physician, 60(6):539–540.

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