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Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding

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Perchloroethylene (PCE)

Selected References:

  • Aschengrau A, et al. 2015. Long-term health effects of early life exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort. Environ Health 14:36.
  • Aschengrau A, et al. 2009. Prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies: a retrospective cohort study. Environ Health. 8:44.
  • 2014. Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. USDHHA/PHS/ATSDR Oct 2014.
  • Doyle P, et al. 1997. Spontaneous abortion in dry cleaning workers potentially exposed to perchloroethylene. Occup Environ Med. 54(12):848-53.
  • Eskenazi B, et al. 1991. A study of the effect of perchloroethylene exposure on semen quality in dry cleaning workers. Am J Ind Med 20:575-91.
  • Fisher J, et al. 1997. Lactational transfer of volatile chemicals in breast milk. Am Ind Hyg Ass J 58:425-31.
  • Forand SP, et al. 2012. Adverse Birth Outcomes & Maternal Exposure to Trichloroethylene & Tetrachloroethylene through Soil Vapor Intrusion in New York State. Env Health Persp. 120(4):616-21.
  • Getz KD, et al. 2012. Prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene and adult vision. Environ Health Perspect 120:1327-1332.
  • Kyyrönen P, et al. 1989. Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among women exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry cleaning. J Epidemiol Community Health. 43(4):346-51.
  • Laumon B, et al. 1996. Exposure to organic solvents during pregnancy and oral clefts: a case-control study. Reprod Toxicol 10:15-9.
  • Modenese A, et al 2019. Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to Perchlorethylene in a Group of Italian Dry Cleaners Using Noninvasive Exposure Indices. Int J Environ Res Public Health.;16(16). pii: E2832. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16162832.
  • Nijhuis N, et al. 2010. Tetrachloroethylene. In: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Geneva: World Health Organization; 9.
  • NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Tetrachloroethylene. 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0599.html [Accessed May, 2017].
  • Nickerson K. Environmental contaminants in breast milk. 2006. J Midwifery Womens Health. Jan-Feb;51(1):26-34.
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Guidance and Information for Reducing Worker Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Dry Cleaning. https://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/perc.html [Accessed 5/2017].
  • Ruckart PZ, et al. 2013. Evaluation of exposure to contaminated drinking water and specific birth defects and childhood cancers at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: a case-control study. Environ Health 4;12:104.
  • Sallmen M, et al. 1995. Reduced fertility among women exposed to organic solvents. Am J Ind Med 27:699-713.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC) 2013. Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity
    What Are the Physiological Effects of Tetrachloroethylene Exposure? https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=14&po=10
  • 2012. Toxicological review of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).  [EPA/6363/R-08/011F Feb 2012].