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Propranolol

Selected References:

  • Bateman BT, et al. 2016. Late pregnancy β blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics 138(3) pii:e20160731.
  • Bauer et al. 1979. Propranolol in human plasma and breast milk. Am J Cardiol 43(4):860-862.
  • Davis RL, et al. 2011. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 20(2):138-45.
  • Duan L, et al. 2017. b-Blocker exposure in pregnancy and risk of fetal cardiac anomalies. JAMA Intern Med 177(6):885-887.
  • Duan L, et al. 2018. Beta-blocker subtypes and risk of low birth weight in newborns. J Clin Hypertens 20(11):1603-1609.
  • Firoz T, et al. 2014. Oral antihypertensive therapy for severe hypertension in pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review. BJOG 121(10):1210-1218.
  • Hutchinson S, et al. 2013. Use of common migraine treatments in breast-feeding women: A summary of recommendations. Headache 53(4):614-627.
  • Karlberg B, et al. 1974. Excretion of propranolol in human breast milk. Aceta Pharmacol Toxicol 34(3):222-224.
  • Lennestal R, et al. 2009. Maternal use of antihypertensive drugs in early pregnancy and delivery outcome, notably the presence of congenital heart defects in the infants. Eru J Clin Pharmacol 65(6):615-625.
  • Moss HB, Procci WRR. 1982. Sexual dysfunction associated with oral antihypertensive medication: a critical survey of the literature. Gen Hosp Psych 4(2):121-129.
  • Riant P, et al. 1986. High plasma protein binding as a parameter in the selection of betablockers for lactating women. Biochem Pharmacol 35(24):4579-4581.
  • Rosen RC, et al. 1988. Beta-blocker effects on sexual function in normal males. Arch Sex Behav. 17(3):241-255.
  • Ruys TP, et al. 2014. Cardiac medication during pregnancy, data from the ROPAC. Int J Cardiol. 177(1):124-128.
  • Smith MT et al. 1983. Propranolol, propranolol glucuronide, and naphthoxylactic acid in breast milk and plasma. Ther Drug Monit. 5(1):87-93.
  • Tanaka K, et al. 2016. Beta-blockers and fetal growth restriction in pregnant women with cardiovascular disease. Circ J 80(10):2221-2226.
  • Taylor EA, Turner P. 1981. Anti-hypertensive therapy with propranolol during pregnancy and lactation. Postgrad Med J 57(669):427-430.
  • Thorley KJ, McAinish J. 1983. Levels of the beta-blockers atenolol and propranolol in the breast milk of women treated for hypertension in pregnancy. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 4(3):299-301.
  • Turnstall ME. 1969. The effect of propranolol on the onset of breathing at birth. Br J Anaesth 41(9):792.
  • Xie RH, et al. 2014. Association between labetalol use for hypertension in pregnancy and adverse infant outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 175:124-128.
  • Xie RH, et al. 2014. Beta-blockers increase the risk of being born small for gestational age or of being institutionalized during infancy. BJOG. 121(9):1090-1096.
  • Yakoob MY, et al. 2013. The risk of congenital malformations associated with exposure to β-blockers in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 62(2):375-381.